Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/branch.tex @ 618:a529952fce96
changed "un tag" to "una etiqueta". Same thing for
"unos tags"
"un tag"
"el tag"
"los tags"
"de tag"
"de tags"
author | Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li> |
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date | Sun, 18 Jan 2009 22:21:43 -0500 |
parents | 4bfe08b3c3e4 |
children | bbc5db74bd77 |
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1 %% vim: tw=70 encoding=utf8 |
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2 \chapter{Administración de versiones y desarrollo ramificado} |
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3 \label{chap:branch} |
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4 |
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5 Mercurial ofrece varios mecanismos que le permitirán administrar un |
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6 proyecto que avanza en múltiples frentes simultáneamente. Para |
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7 entender estos mecanismos, demos un vistazo a la estructura usual de |
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8 un proyecto de software. |
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9 |
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10 Muchos proyectos de software liberan una versión ``mayor'' que contiene |
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11 nuevas características substanciales. En paralelo, pueden liberar |
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12 versiones ``menores''. Usualmente éstas son idénticas a las |
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13 versiones mayores en las cuales están basadas, pero con arreglos para |
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14 algunos fallos. |
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15 |
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16 En este capítulo, comenzaremos hablando de cómo mantener registro de |
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17 las etapas del proyecto como las liberaciones de una |
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18 versión. Continuaremos hablando del flujo de trabajo entre las |
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19 diferentes fases de un proyecto, y como puede ayudar Mercurial a |
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20 independizar y administrar tal trabajo. |
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21 |
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22 \section{Dar un nombre persistente a una revisión} |
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23 |
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24 Cuando se decide a otorgar a una revisión el nombre particular de una |
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25 ``versión'', es buena idea grabar la identidad de tal revisión. |
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26 Esto le permitirá reproducir dicha versión en una fecha posterior, |
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27 para cualquiera que sea el |
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28 propósito que se tenga en ese momento (reproducir un fallo, portar |
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29 a una nueva plataforma, etc). |
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30 \interaction{tag.init} |
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31 |
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32 Mercurial le permite dar un nombre permanente a cualquier revisión |
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33 usando la orden \hgcmd{tag}. Sin causa de sorpresa, esos nombres se llaman |
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34 ``tags'' (etiquetas). |
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35 \interaction{tag.tag} |
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36 |
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37 Una etiqueta no es más que un ``nombre simbólico'' para una revisión. Las |
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38 etiquetas existen únicamente para su conveniencia, brindándole una forma |
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39 permanente y sencilla de referirse a una revisión; Mercurial no |
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40 interpreta de ninguna manera los nombres de las etiquetas que usted use. |
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41 Mercurial tampoco impone restricción alguna al nombre de una etiqueta, más |
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42 allá de lo necesario para asegurar que una etiqueta pueda procesarse sin |
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43 ambigüedades. El nombre de una etiqueta no puede tener ninguno de los |
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44 siguientes caracteres: |
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45 \begin{itemize} |
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46 \item Dos puntos (ASCII 58, ``\texttt{:}'') |
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47 \item Retorno de carro (return) (ASCII 13, ``\Verb+\r+'') |
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48 \item Nueva línea (ASCII 10, ``\Verb+\n+'') |
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49 \end{itemize} |
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50 |
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51 Puede usar la orden \hgcmd{tags} para observar las etiquetas presentes en |
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52 su repositorio. Al desplegarse, cada revisión marcada se identifica |
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53 primero con su nombre, después el número de revisión y finalmente con |
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54 un hash único de la revisión. |
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55 \interaction{tag.tags} |
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56 Note que \texttt{tip} aparece en la lista de \hgcmd{tags}. la etiqueta |
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57 \texttt{tip} es una etiqueta ``flotante'' especial, que identifica siempre |
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58 la revisión más nueva en el repositorio. |
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59 |
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60 Al desplegar la orden \hgcmd{tags}, las etiquetas se listan en orden |
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61 inverso, por número de revisión. Lo que significa usualmente que las etiquetas más recientes se listan antes que las más antiguas. También |
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62 significa que la etiqueta \texttt{tip} siempre aparecerá como primera |
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63 etiqueta listada al desplegar la orden \hgcmd{tags}. |
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64 |
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65 Cuando ejecuta \hgcmd{log}, se desplegará la revisión que tenga las etiquetas asociados a ella, se imprimirán tales etiquetas. |
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66 \interaction{tag.log} |
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67 |
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68 Siempre que requiera indicar un ~ID de revisión a una orden de |
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69 Mercurial, aceptará un nombre de etiqueta en su lugar. Internamente, |
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70 Mercurial traducirá su nombre de etiqueta en el ~ID de revisión |
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71 correspondiente, y lo usará. |
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72 \interaction{tag.log.v1.0} |
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73 |
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74 No hay límites en la cantidad de etiquetas por reposirorio, o la cantidad |
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75 de etiquetas que una misma revisión pueda tener. Siendo prácticos, no es |
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76 muy buena idea tener ``demasiados'' (la cantidad variará de un |
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77 proyecto a otro), debido a que la intención es ayudarle a encontrar |
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78 revisiones. Si tiene demasiados tags, la facilidad para identificar |
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79 revisiones disminuirá rápidamente. |
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80 |
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81 Por ejemplo, si su proyecto tiene etapas(milestones) frecuentes en pocos |
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82 días, es perfectamente razonable asignarle una etiqueta a cada una de |
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83 ellas. Pero si tiene un sistema de construcción automática de binarios |
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84 que asegura que cada revisión puede generarse limpiamente, estaría |
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85 introduciendo mucho ruido si se usara una etiqueta para cada generación |
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86 exitosa. Más bien, podría usar tags para generaciones fallidas (en |
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87 caso de que estas sean raras!), o simplemente evitar las etiquetas para |
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88 llevar cuenta de la posibilidad de generación de binarios. |
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89 |
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90 |
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91 Si desea eliminar una etiqueta que no desea, use |
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92 \hgcmdargs{tag}{--remove}. |
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93 \interaction{tag.remove} |
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94 También puede modificar una etiqueta en cualquier momento para que |
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95 identifique una revisión distinta, basta con aplicar una nueva orden |
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96 \hgcmd{tag}. Deberá usar la opción \hgopt{tag}{-f} para indicarle a |
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97 Mercurial que desea actualizar la etiqueta \emph{en serio}. |
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98 \interaction{tag.replace} |
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99 De todas maneras habrá un registro permanente de la antigua identidad |
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100 del tag, pero Mercurial no la usará. Por lo tanto no hay castigo al |
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101 marcar con una etiqueta una revisión incorrecta; lo único que debe hacer es |
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102 mover la etiqueta hacia la revisión correcta tan pronto como localice el |
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103 error. |
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104 |
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105 Mercurial almacena las etiquetas en un fichero controlado por revisiones en |
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106 su repositorio. Si ha creado etiquetas, las encontrará en un fichero |
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107 llamado \sfilename{.hgtags}. Cuando invoca la orden \hgcmd{tag}, |
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108 Mercurial modifica este fichero, y automáticamente hace consignación del |
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109 cambio al mismo. Esto significa que cada vez que ejecuta \hgcmd{tag}, |
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111 \interaction{tag.tip} |
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113 \subsection{Manejo de conflictos entre etiquetas durante una fusión} |
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114 |
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115 Es usual no tener que preocuparse por el fichero \sfilename{.hgtags}, |
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116 pero aveces hace su aparición durante una fusión. El formato del |
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117 fichero es sencillo: Consiste de una serie de líneas. Cada línea |
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119 seguido por el nombre de una etiqueta. |
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120 |
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121 Si está resolviendo un conflicto en el fichero \sfilename{.hgtags} |
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122 durante una fusión, hay un detalle para tener en cuenta al modificar |
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123 el fichero \sfilename{.hgtags}: |
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124 cuando Mercurial parsea las etiquetas en el repositorio \emph{nunca} |
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125 lee la copia de trabajo del fichero \sfilename{.hgtags}. En cambio, |
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126 lee la versión \emph{consignada más reciente} del fichero. |
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127 |
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128 Una consecuencia desafortunada de este diseño es que usted no puede |
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129 verificar que su fichero \sfilename{.hgtags} fusionado es correcto hasta |
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130 \emph{después} de haber consignado(hecho commit). Así que si se |
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131 encuentra resolviendo un conflicto en \sfilename{.hgtags} durante una |
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132 fusión, asegúrese de ejecutar la orden \hgcmd{tags} después de |
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133 consignar. Si encuentra un error en el fichero \sfilename{.hgtags}, |
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134 reportará el lugar del error, que podrá arreglar y después |
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135 consignar. Posteriormente ejecute de nuevo la orden \hgcmd{tags} para |
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136 asegurar que su arreglo fue correctamente aplicado. |
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137 |
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138 \subsection{Tags y clonado} |
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139 |
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140 Puede haber notado que la orden \hgcmd{clone} tiene la opción |
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141 \hgopt{clone}{-r} que le permite clonar una copia exacta del |
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142 repositorio hasta un conjunto de cambios específico. El nuevo clon no |
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143 tendrá historial posterior a la revisión que usted haya |
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144 especificado. Esta forma de interactuar puede sorprender a los |
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145 desprevenidos. |
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146 |
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147 Recuerde que una etiqueta se almacena como una revisión al fichero |
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148 \sfilename{.hgtags}, consecuente con esto, cuando crea una etiqueta, el |
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149 conjunto de cambios en el cual este se almacena necesariamente se |
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150 refiere a un conjunto de cambios anterior. Cuando ejecuta |
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151 \hgcmdargs{clone}{-r foo} para clonar un repositorio hasta la etiqueta |
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152 \texttt{foo}, el nuevo clon \emph{no contendrá el historial que creo |
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153 la etiqueta} que usó para clonar el repositorio. El resultado es que tendrá |
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154 exactamente el subconjunto correcto del historial del proyecto en el |
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155 nuevo repositorio, pero, \emph{no} la etiqueta que podría haber esperado. |
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156 |
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157 \subsection{Cuando las etiquetas permanentes son demasiado} |
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158 |
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159 Dado que las etiquetas de Mercurial están controladas por revisiones y se |
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160 llevan en el historial del proyecto, todas las personas involucradas |
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161 verán las etiquetas que usted haya creado. El hecho de dar nombres a las |
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162 revisiones tiene usos más allá que simplemente hacer notar que la |
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163 revisión \texttt{4237e45506ee} es realmente \texttt{v2.0.2}. Si está |
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164 tratando de encontrar un bug sutil, posiblemente desearía colocar una |
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165 etiqueta recordándole algo como ``Ana vio los síntomas con esta revisión''. |
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166 |
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167 Para estos casos, lo que posiblemente desearía serían tags |
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168 \emph{locales}. Puede crear una etiqueta local con la opción \hgopt{tag}{-l} |
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169 de la orden \hgcmd{tag}. Esto guardará la etiqueta en un fichero llamado |
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170 \sfilename{.hg/localtags}. A diferencia de \sfilename{.hgtags}, |
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171 \sfilename{.hg/localtags} no está controlado por revisiones. |
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172 Cualquier tag que usted cree usando \hgopt{tag}{-l} se mantendrá |
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173 localmente en el repositorio en el que esté trabajando en ese momento. |
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174 |
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175 \section{El flujo de cambios---El gran cuadro vs. el pequeño} |
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176 |
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177 Retomando lo mencionado en el comienzo de un capítulo, pensemos en el |
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178 hecho de que un proyecto tiene muchas piezas concurrentes de trabajo |
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179 en desarrollo al mismo tiempo. |
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180 |
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181 Puede haber prisa por una nueva versión ``principal''; Un nueva |
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182 versión con un rreglo de fallo a la última versión; y una versión de |
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183 ``mantenimiento correctivo'' a una versión antigua que ha entrado en |
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184 modo de mantenimiento. |
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185 |
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186 Usualmente la gente se refiere a esas direcciones |
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187 concurrentes de desarrollo es como ``ramas''. Aunque hemos visto que |
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188 en variadas ocasiones Mercurial trata a \emph{toda el historial} como |
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189 una serie de ramas y fusiones. Realmente lo que tenemos aquí es dos |
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190 ideas que se relacionan periféricamente, pero que en esencia comparten |
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191 un nombre. |
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192 \begin{itemize} |
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193 \item ``El gran cuadro'' Las ramas representan un barrido de la |
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194 evolución del proyecto; la gente les da nombres y hablan acerca de |
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195 ellas en sus conversaciones. |
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196 \item ``El cuadro pequeño'' Las ramas son artefactos de las |
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197 actividades diarias de al desarrollar y fusionar cambios. Exponen la |
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198 narrativa de cómo se desarrolló el código. |
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199 \end{itemize} |
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200 |
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201 \section{Administrar ramas en repositorios estilo gran cuadro} |
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202 |
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203 En Mercurial la forma más sencilla de aislar una rama del ``gran |
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204 cuadro'' es a través de un repositorio dedicado. Si cuenta con un |
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205 repositorio compartido existente ---llamémoslo |
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206 \texttt{myproject}---que alcanzó la etapa ``1.0'', puede comenzar a |
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207 prepararse para versiones de mantenimiento futuras a partir de la |
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208 versión~1.0 marcando con una etiqueta en la revisión con la cual preparó la versión~1.0. |
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209 \interaction{branch-repo.tag} |
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210 Ahora puede clonar un repositorio compartido nuevo |
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211 \texttt{myproject-1.0.1} con tal tag. |
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212 \interaction{branch-repo.clone} |
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213 |
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214 Posteriormente, si alguien necesita trabajar en la reparación de un |
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215 fallo debería dirigirse a la liberación de versión~1.0.1 que viene en |
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216 camino, ellos clonarían el repositorio \texttt{myproject-1.0.1}, |
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217 harían sus cambios y los publicarían(con push). |
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218 \interaction{branch-repo.bugfix} |
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219 Mientras tanto, el desarrollo para la siguiente versión mayor puede |
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220 continuar asilada e incólume, en el repositorio \texttt{myproject}. |
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221 \interaction{branch-repo.new} |
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222 |
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223 \section{No repita trabajo: fusión entre ramas} |
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224 |
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225 En muchos casos, cuando tiene un fallo para arreglar en una rama de |
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226 mantenimiento, es muy probable que el fallo esté también en la rama |
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227 principal( y posiblemente en otras ramas de mantenimiento |
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228 también). Solamente un desarrollador extraño desearía corregir el |
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229 mismo fallo muchas veces, por tanto, veremos varias alternativas con |
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230 las que Mercurial puede ayudarle a administrar tales arreglos de fallo |
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231 sin duplicar su trabajo. |
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232 |
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233 En el caso más sencillo, basta con jalar los cambios de la rama de |
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234 mantenimiento a la rama obetivo en su clon local. |
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235 \interaction{branch-repo.pull} |
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236 A continuación deberá mezclar las cabezas de las dos ramas, y publicar |
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237 de nuevo a la rama principal. |
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238 \interaction{branch-repo.merge} |
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239 |
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240 \section{Nombrar ramas dentro de un repositorio} |
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241 |
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242 La aproximación correcta en casi todas las oportunidades es aislar las |
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243 ramas en los repositorios. Es fácil de entender gracias a su |
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244 facilidad; y es difícil cometer errores. Hay una relación uno a uno |
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245 entre las ramas y los directorios con los que está trabajando en su |
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246 sistema. Esto le permite usar emplear herramientas usuales(para los |
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247 nuevos a Mercurial) para trabajar con los ficheros dentro de su |
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248 rama/repositorio. |
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249 |
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250 Si se encuentra más en la categoría ``usuario diestro'' (\emph{y} sus |
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251 colaboradores también), puede considerar otra alternativa para |
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252 administrar las ramas. He mencionador con anterioridad la distinción a |
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253 nivel humano entre las ramas estilo ``cuadro pequeño'' y ``gran |
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254 cuadro''. Mientras que Mercurial trabaja con muchas ramas del estilo |
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255 ``cuadro pequeño'' en el repositorio todo el tiempo(por ejemplo cuando |
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256 usted jala cambios, pero antes de fusionarlos), \emph{también} puede |
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257 trabajar con varias ramas del ``cuadro grande''. |
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258 |
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259 El truco para trabajar de esta forma en Mercurial se logra gracias a |
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260 que puede asignar un \emph{nombre} persistente a una rama. Siempre |
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261 existe una rama llamada \texttt{default}. Incluso antes de que |
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262 empiece a nombrar ramas por su cuenta, puede encontrar indicios de la |
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263 rama \texttt{default} si los busca. |
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264 |
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265 Por ejemplo, cuando invoca la orden \hgcmd{commit}, y se lanza su |
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266 editor para introducir el mensaje de la consignación, busque la línea |
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267 que contiene el texto ``\texttt{HG: branch default}'' al final. Le |
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268 está indicando que su consignación ocurrirá en la rama llamada |
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269 \texttt{default}. |
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270 |
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271 Use la orden \hgcmd{branches} para comenzar a trabajar con ramas |
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272 nombradas. Esta orden mostrará las ramas presentes en su repositorio, |
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273 indicándole en qué conjunto de cambios está cada una. |
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274 \interaction{branch-named.branches} |
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275 Dado que todavía no ha creado ramas nombradas, la única que verá sería |
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276 \texttt{default}. |
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277 |
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278 Para hallar cuál es la rama ``actual'', invoque la orden |
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279 \hgcmd{branch}, sin argumento alguno. Le informará en qué rama se |
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280 encuentra el padre del conjunto actual de cambios. |
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281 \interaction{branch-named.branch} |
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282 |
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283 Para crear una nueva rama, invoque la orden \hgcmd{branch} de |
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284 nuevo. En esta oportunidad, ofrezca un argumento: el nombre de la rama |
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285 que desea crear. |
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286 \interaction{branch-named.create} |
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287 |
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288 Después de crear la rama, usted podría desear ver el efecto que tuvo |
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289 la orden \hgcmd{branch}. ¿Qué reportan las ordenes \hgcmd{status} y |
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290 \hgcmd{tip} commands report? |
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291 \interaction{branch-named.status} |
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292 Nada cambia en el directorio actual, y no se ha añadido nada al |
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293 historial. Esto sugiere que al ejecutar la orden \hgcmd{branch} no hay |
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294 un efecto permanente; solamente le indica a que nombre de rama usará |
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295 la \emph{próxima} vez que consigne un conjunto de cambios. |
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296 |
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297 Cuando consigna un cambio, Mercurial alamacena el nombre de la rama en |
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298 la cual consignó. Una vez que haya cambiado de la rama \texttt{default} |
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299 y haya consignado, verá que el nombre de la nueva rama se mostrará |
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300 cuando use la orden \hgcmd{log}, \hgcmd{tip}, y otras órdenes que |
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301 desplieguen la misma clase de información. |
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302 \interaction{branch-named.commit} |
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303 Las órdenes del tipo \hgcmd{log} imprimirán el nombre de la rama de |
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304 cualquier conjunto de cambios que no estén en la rama |
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305 \texttt{default}. Como resultado, si nunca usa ramas nombradas, nunca |
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306 verá esta información. |
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307 |
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308 Una vez que haya nombrado una rama y consignado un cambio con ese |
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309 nombre, todas las consignaciones subsecuentes que desciendan de ese |
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310 cambio heredarán el mismo nombre de rama. Puede cambiar el nombre de |
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311 una rama en cualquier momento con la orden \hgcmd{branch}. |
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312 \interaction{branch-named.rebranch} |
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313 Esto es algo que no hará muy seguido en la práctica, debido que los |
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314 nombres de las ramas tienden a tener vidas largas. (Esto no es una |
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315 regla, solamente una observación.) |
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316 |
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317 \section{Tratamiento de varias ramas nombradas en un repositorio} |
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318 |
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319 Si tiene más de una rama nombrada en un repositorio, Mercurial |
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320 recordará la rama en la cual está su directorio de trabajo cuando |
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321 invoque una orden como \hgcmd{update} o \hgcmdargs{pull}{-u}. Se |
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322 actualizará su directorio de trabajo actual al tip de esta rama, sin |
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323 importar cuál sea el tip ``a lo largo del repositorio'' . Para |
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324 actualiar a una revisión que está en una rama con distinto nombre, |
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325 puede necesitar la opción \hgopt{update}{-C} de \hgcmd{update}. |
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326 |
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327 Este comportamiento puede ser sutil, veámoslo en acción. Primero, |
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328 recordemos en qué rama estamos trabajando, y qué ramas están en |
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329 nuestro repositorio. |
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330 \interaction{branch-named.parents} |
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331 Estamos en la rama \texttt{bar}, pero existe otra rama más antigua |
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332 llamada \hgcmd{foo}. |
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333 |
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334 Podemos hacer \hgcmd{update} entre los tipos de las ramas \texttt{foo} |
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335 y \texttt{bar} sin necesidad de usar la opción \hgopt{update}{-C}, |
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336 puesto que esto solamente implica ir linealmente hacia adelante y |
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337 atrás en nuestro historial de cambios. |
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338 \interaction{branch-named.update-switchy} |
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339 |
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340 Si volvemos a la rama \texttt{foo} e invocamos la orden \hgcmd{update}, |
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341 nos mantendrá en \texttt{foo}, sin movernos al tipo de \texttt{bar}. |
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342 \interaction{branch-named.update-nothing} |
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343 |
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344 Al consignar un cambio a la rama \texttt{foo} se introducirá una nueva |
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345 cabeza. |
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346 \interaction{branch-named.foo-commit} |
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347 |
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348 \section{Nombres de ramas y fusiones} |
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349 |
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350 Posiblemente ha notado que las fusiones en Mercurial no son simétricas. |
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351 Supongamos que su repositorio tiene dos cabezas, 17 and 23. Si yo invoco |
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352 \hgcmd{update} a 17 y aplico \hgcmd{merge} a 23, Mercurial almacena 17 |
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353 como el primer padre de la fusión, y 23 como el segundo. Mientras que |
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354 si hago \hgcmd{update} a 23 y después aplico \hgcmd{merge} con 17, |
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355 grabará a 23 como el primer padre, y 17 como el segundo. |
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356 |
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357 Esto afecta com elige Mercurial el nombre de la rama cuando hace |
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358 fusión. Después de una fusión Mercurial mantendrá el nombre de la |
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359 rama del primer padre cuando consigne el resultado de una fusión. Si |
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360 el primer nombre de su padre es \texttt{foo}, y fusiona con |
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361 \texttt{bar}, el nombre de la rama continuará siendo \texttt{foo} |
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362 después de fusionar. |
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363 |
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364 No es inusual que un repositorio contenga varias cabezas, cada una con |
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365 el mismo nombre de rama. Digamos que estoy trabajando en la rama |
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366 \texttt{foo}, y usted también. Consignamos cambios distintos; Yo jalo |
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367 sus cambios; Ahora tengo dos cabezas, cada una afirmando estar en la |
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368 rama \texttt{foo}. El resultado de una fusión será una única cabeza |
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369 en la rama \texttt{foo} como usted esperaría. |
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370 |
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371 Pero si estoy trabajando en la rama \texttt{bar}, y fusiono el trabajo |
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372 desde la rama \texttt{foo}, el resultado permanecerá en la rama |
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373 \texttt{bar}. |
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374 \interaction{branch-named.merge} |
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375 |
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376 En un ejemplo más concreo, si yo estoy trabajando en la rama |
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377 \texttt{bleeding-edge}, y deseo traer los arreglos más recientes de la |
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378 rama \texttt{estable}, Mercurial elegirá el nombre de rama ``correcto'' |
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379 (\texttt{bleeding-edge}) cuando yo jale una fusión desde \texttt{estable}. |
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380 |
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381 \section{Normalmente es útil nombrar ramas} |
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382 |
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383 No debería considerar que las ramas nombradas son aplicables |
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384 únicamente en situaciones con muchas ramas de larga-vida cohabitando |
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385 en un mismo repositorio. Son muy útiles incluso en los casos de |
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386 una-rama-por-repositorio. |
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387 |
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388 En el caso más sencillo, dar un nombre a cada rama ofrece un registro |
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389 permanente acerca de en qué conjunto de cambios se generó la rama. |
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390 Esto le ofrece más contexto cuando esté tratando de seguir el |
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391 historial de un proyecto ramificado de larga vida. |
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392 |
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393 Si está trabajando con repositorios compartidos, puede configurar el gancho |
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394 \hook{pretxnchangegroup} para que cada uno bloquee los cambios con |
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395 nombres de rama ``incorrectos'' que están por adicionarse. Este |
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396 provee una defensa sencilla pero efectiva para evitar que la gente |
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397 accidentalmente publique cambios de una rama ``super nueva'' a la rama |
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398 ``estable''. Tal gancho podría verse de la siguiente forma dentro de |
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399 un repositorio compartido de \hgrc. |
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400 \begin{codesample2} |
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401 [hooks] |
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402 pretxnchangegroup.branch = hg heads --template '{branches} ' | grep mybranch |
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403 \end{codesample2} |
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404 |
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405 %%% Local Variables: |
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406 %%% mode: latex |
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407 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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408 %%% End: |