annotate es/hgext.tex @ 622:be1c884e2aef

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author Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li>
date Sun, 18 Jan 2009 22:43:29 -0500
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1 \chapter{Añadir funcionalidad con extensiones}
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2 \label{chap:hgext}
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3
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4 A pesar de que el corazón de Mercurial es muy completo desde el punto
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5 de vista de funcionalidad, carece de características rimbombantes
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6 deliberadamente. Esta aproximación de preservar la simplicidad
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7 mantiene el programa sencillo tanto para mantenedores como para
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8 usuarios.
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9
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10 Si embargo Mercurial no le cierra las posibilidades a un conjunto
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11 inflexible de órdenes: usted puede añadir características como
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12 \emph{extensiones} (aveces llamadas \emph{añadidos}\ndt{plugins}). Ya
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13 hemos discutido algunas de estas extensiones en capítulos anteriores:
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14 \begin{itemize}
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15 \item La sección~\ref{sec:tour-merge:fetch} cubre la extensión
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16 \hgext{fetch}; que combina jalar cambios y fusionarlos con los
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17 cambios locales en una sola orden: \hgxcmd{fetch}{fetch}.
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18 \item En el capítulo~\ref{chap:hook}, cubrimos muchas extensiones que
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19 son útiles en funcionalidades relacionadas con ganchos: Los
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20 \hgext{acl} añaden listas de control de acceso; \hgext{bugzilla}
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21 añade integración con el sistema de seguimiento de fallos Bugzilla; y
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22 \hgext{notify} envía notificaciones por correo de nuevos cambios.
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23 \item La extensión de administración de parches MQ es tan invaluable
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24 que amerita dos capítulos y un apéndice por sí misma.
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25 El capítulo~\ref{chap:mq} cubre lo básico; el
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26 capítulo~\ref{chap:mq-collab} discute temas avanzados; y el
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27 apéndice~\ref{chap:mqref} muestra en detalle cada orden.
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28 \end{itemize}
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29
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30 En este capítulo cubriremos algunas extensiones adicionales
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31 disponibles para Mercurial, y daremos un vistazo a la maquinaria que
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32 necesita conocer en caso de que desee escribir una extensión.
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33 \begin{itemize}
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34 \item En la sección~\ref{sec:hgext:inotify}, discutiremos la
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35 posibilidad de mejorar el desempeño \emph{en gran medida} con la extensión
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36 \hgext{inotify}.
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37 \end{itemize}
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38
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39 \section{Mejorar el desempeño con la extensión \hgext{inotify}}
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40 \label{sec:hgext:inotify}
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41
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42 ¿Desea lograr que las operaciones más comunmente usadas de Mercurial se
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43 ejecuten centenas de veces más rápido? ¡A leer!
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44
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45 Mercurial tiene gran desempeño bajo circunstancias normales. Por
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46 ejemplo, cuando ejecuta la orden \hgcmd{status}, Mercurial tiene que
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47 revisar casi todos los ficheros y directorios en su repositorio de
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48 forma que pueda desplegar el estado de los ficheros. Muchas otras
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49 órdenes tienen que hacer tal trabajo tras bambalinas; por ejemplo la
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50 orden \hgcmd{diff} usa la maquinaria de estado para evitar hacer
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51 operaciones de comparación costosas en ficheros que obviamente no han
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52 cambiado.
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53
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54 Dado que obtener el estado de los ficheros es crucial para obtener
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55 buen desempeño, los autores de Mercurial han optimizado este código en
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56 la medida de lo posible. Sin embargo, no puede obviarse el hecho de
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57 que cuando ejecuta \hgcmd{status}, Mercurial tendrá que hacer por lo
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58 menos una costosa llamada al sistema por cada fichero administrado
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59 para determinar si ha cambiado desde la última vez que se consignó.
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60 Para un repositorio suficientemente grande, puede tardar bastante
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61 tiempo.
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62
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63 Para mostrar en números la magnitud de este efect, creé un repositorio
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64 que contenía 150.000 ficheros administrador. Tardó diez segundos para
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65 ejecutar \hgcmd{status}, a pesar de que \emph{ninguno} de los ficheros
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66 había sido modificado.
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67
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68 Muchos sistemas operativos modernos contienen una facilidad de
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69 notificación de ficheros. Si un programa se registra con un servicio
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70 apropiado, el sistema operativo le notificará siempre que un fichero
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71 de interés haya sido creado, modificado o borrado. En sistemas Linux,
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72 el componente del núcleo que lo hace se llama \texttt{inotify}.
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73
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74 La extensión \hgext{inotify} habla con el componente \texttt{inotify}
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75 del núcleo para optimizar las órdenes de \hgcmd{status}. La extensión
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76 tiene dos componentes. Un daemonio está en el fondo recibiendo
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77 notificaciones del subsistema \texttt{inotify}. También escucha
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78 conexiones de una orden regular de Mercurial. La extensión modifica
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79 el comportamiento de Mercurial de tal forma que, en lugar de revisar
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80 el sistema de ficheros, le pregunta al daemonio. Dado que el daemonio
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81 tiene información perfecta acerca del estado del repositorio, puede
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82 responder instantáneamente con el resultado, evitando la necesidad de
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83 revisar cada directorio y fichero del repositorio.
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84
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85 Retomando los diez segundos que medí al ejecutar la orden
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86 \hgcmd{status} de Mercurial sobre un repositorio de 150.000
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87 ficheros. Con la extensión \hgext{inotify} habilitada, el tiempo se
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88 disipó a 0.1~seconds, un factor \emph{cien veces} más rápido.
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89
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90 Antes de continuar, tenga en cuenta algunos detalles:
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91 \begin{itemize}
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92 \item La extensión \hgext{inotify} es específica de Linux. Porque se
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93 enlaza directamente con el subsistema \texttt{inotify} del núcleo
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94 Linux, no funciona en otros sistemas operativos.
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95 \item Debería funcionar en cualquier distribución Linux a partir de
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96 comienzos del 2005. Las distribuciones más antiguas deben tener un
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97 kernel sin \texttt{inotify}, o una versión de \texttt{glibc} que no
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98 tiene necesariamente el soporte para la interfaz.
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99 \item No todos los sistemas de ficheros pueden usarse con la extensión
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100 \hgext{inotify}. Los sistemas de ficheros tales como NFS no lo
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101 soportan, por ejemplo, si está corriendo Mercurial en vaios
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102 sistemas, montados todos sobre el mismo sistema de ficheros en red.
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103 El sistema \texttt{inotify} del kernel no tiene forma de saber
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104 acerca de los cambios hechos en otro sistema. La mayoría de
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105 sistemas de ficheros locales (p.e.~ext3, XFS, ReiserFS) deberían
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106 funcionar bien.
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107 \end{itemize}
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108
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109 Hacia mayo de 2007 la extensión \hgext{inotify} no venía de forma
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110 predeterminada en Mercurial\ndt{Desde el 2008 para kernels 2.6 viene
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111 en Mercurial, pero no está activada de forma predeterminada}, y es
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112 un poco más compleja de activar que otras extensiones. Pero la mejora
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113 en el desempeño bien vale la pena!
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114
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115 La extensión venía en dos partes: un conjunto de parches al código
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116 fuente de Mercurial, y una librería de interfaces de Python hacia el
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117 subsistema \texttt{inotify}.
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118 \begin{note}
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119 Hay \emph{dos} librerías de enlace de Python hacia \texttt{inotify}.
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120 Una de ellas se llama \texttt{pyinotify}, y en algunas
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121 distribuciones de Linux se encuentra como \texttt{python-inotify}.
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122 Esta es la que \emph{no} necesita, puesto que tiene muchos fallos,
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123 y es ineficiente para ser práctica.
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124 \end{note}
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125 Para comenzar, es mejor tener una copia de Mercurial funcional
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126 instalada:
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127 \begin{note}
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128 Si sigue las instrucciones a continuación, estará
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129 \emph{reemplazando} y sobreescribiendo cualquier instalación previa
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130 de Mercurial que pudiera tener, con el código de Mercurial ``más
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131 reciente y peligrosa''. No diga que no se le advirtio!
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132 \end{note}
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133 \begin{enumerate}
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134 \item Clone el repositorio de interfaz entre Python e
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135 \texttt{inotify}. Ármelo e instálelo:
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136 \begin{codesample4}
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137 hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/python/inotify
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138 cd inotify
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139 python setup.py build --force
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140 sudo python setup.py install --skip-build
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141 \end{codesample4}
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142 \item Clone el repositorio \dirname{crew} de Mercurial. Clone el
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143 repositorio de parches de \hgext{inotify} de forma tal que las colas
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144 de Mercurial puedan aplicar los parches sobre el repositorio \dirname{crew}.
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145 \begin{codesample4}
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146 hg clone http://hg.intevation.org/mercurial/crew
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147 hg clone crew inotify
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148 hg clone http://hg.kublai.com/mercurial/patches/inotify inotify/.hg/patches
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149 \end{codesample4}
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150 \item Asegúrese de instalar la extensión Colas de Mercurial
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151 \hgext{mq} y que estén habilitadas. Si nunca ha usado MQ, lea la
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152 sección~\ref{sec:mq:start} para poder comenzar rápidamente.
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153 \item Vaya al repositorio de \dirname{inotify} y aplique todos los
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154 parches de \hgext{inotify} con la opción \hgxopt{mq}{qpush}{-a} de
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155 la orden \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush}.
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156 \begin{codesample4}
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157 cd inotify
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158 hg qpush -a
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159 \end{codesample4}
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160 Si obtiene un mensaje de error de \hgxcmd{mq}{qpush}, no debería
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161 continuar. Mejor pida ayuda.
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162 \item Arme e instale la versión parchada de Mercurial.
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163 \begin{codesample4}
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164 python setup.py build --force
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165 sudo python setup.py install --skip-build
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166 \end{codesample4}
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167 \end{enumerate}
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168 Una vez que haya armado una versión funcional parchada de Mercurial,
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169 todo lo que necesita es habilitar la extensión \hgext{inotify}
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170 colocando una entrada en su \hgrc.
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171 \begin{codesample2}
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172 [extensions]
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173 inotify =
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174 \end{codesample2}
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175 Cuando la extensión \hgext{inotify} esté habilitada, Mercurial
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176 iniciará transparente y automáticamente el daemonio de estado la
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177 primera vez que ejecute un comando que requiera estado del
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178 repositorio. Ejecuta un daemonio de estado por repositorio.
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179
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180 El daemonio de estado se inicia silenciosamente y se ejecuta en el
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181 fondo. Si mira a la lista de procesos en ejecución después de
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182 habilitar la extensión \hgext{inotify} y ejecuta unos pocos comandos
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183 en diferentes repositorios, verá que hay algunos procesos de
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184 \texttt{hg} por ahí, esperando actualizaciones del kernel y
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185 solicitudes de Mercurial.
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186
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187 La primera vez que ejecuta un comando de Mercurial en un repositorio
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188 cuando tiene la extensión \hgext{inotify} habilitada, correrá casi con
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189 el mismo desempeño que una orden usual de Mercurial. Esto es debido a
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190 que el estado del daemonio necesita aplicar una búsqueda normal sobre
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191 el estado para poder tener una línea de partida frente a la cual
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192 aplicar posteriormente actualizaciones del núcleo. De todas formas,
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193 \emph{todo} comando posterior que haga cualquier clase de revisión del
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194 estado debería ser notablemente más rápido en repositorios con incluso
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195 un tamaño modesto. Aún mejor, a medida que su repositorio sea más
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196 grande, mejor desempeño verá. El daemonio \hgext{inotify} hace
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197 operaciones de estado de forma casi instantánea en repositorios de
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198 todos los tamaños!
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199
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200 Si lo desea, puede iniciar manualmente un daemonio de estado con la orden
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201 \hgxcmd{inotify}{inserve}. Esto le da un control un poco más fino
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202 acerca de cómo debería ejecutarse el daemonio. Esta orden solamente
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203 estará disponible cuando haya habilitado la extensión \hgext{inotify}.
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204
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205 Cuando esté usando la extensión \hgext{inotify},
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206 \emph{no debería ver diferencia} en el comportamiento de Mercurial,
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207 con la única excepción de que los comandos relacionados con el estado
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208 deberían ejectuarse mucho más rápido que como solían hacerlo. Debería
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209 esperar específicamente que las órdenes no deberían ofrecer salidas
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210 distintas; ni ofrecer resultados diferentes. Si alguna de estas
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211 situaciones ocurre, por favor reporte el fallo.
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212
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213 \section{Soporte flexible de diff con la extensión \hgext{extdiff}}
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214 \label{sec:hgext:extdiff}
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215
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216 La orden predeterminada \hgcmd{diff} de Mercurial despliega diffs en
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217 texto plano unificadas.
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218 \interaction{extdiff.diff}
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219 Si dese emplear una herramienta externa para desplegar las
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220 modificaciones, querrá usar la extensión \hgext{extdiff}. Esta le
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221 permitirá usar por ejemplo una herramienta gráfica de diff.
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222
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223 La extensión \hgext{extdiff} viene con Mercurial, y es fácil
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224 configurar. En la sección \rcsection{extensions} de su \hgrc,
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225 basta con añadir una entrada de una línea para habilitar la extensión.
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226 \begin{codesample2}
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227 [extensions]
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228 extdiff =
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229 \end{codesample2}
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230 Esto introduce una orden llamada \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff}, que de
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231 forma predeterminada usa su orden del sistema \command{diff} para
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232 generar un diff unificado de la misma forma que lo hace el comando
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233 predeterminado \hgcmd{diff}.
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234 \interaction{extdiff.extdiff}
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235 El resultado no será exactamente el mismo que con la orden interna
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236 \hgcmd{diff}, puesto que la salida de \command{diff} varía de un
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237 sistema a otro, incluso pasando las mismas opciones.
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238
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239 Como lo indican las líneas``\texttt{making snapshot}'', la orden
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240 \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff} funciona creando dos instantáneas de su
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241 árbol de fuentes. La primera instantánea es la revisión fuente; la
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242 segunda es la revisión objetivo del directorio de trabajo. La orden
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243 \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff} genera estas instantáneas en un directorio
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244 temporal, pasa el nombre de cada directorio a un visor de diffs
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245 temporal y borra los directorios temporales. Por cuestiones de
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246 eficiencia solamente genera instantáneas de los directorios y ficheros
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247 que han cambiado entre dos revisiones.
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248
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249 Los nombres de los directorios de instantáneas tienen los mismos
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250 nombres base de su repositorio. Si su repositorio tiene por ruta
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251 \dirname{/quux/bar/foo}, \dirname{foo} será el nombre de cada
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252 instantánea de directorio. Cada instantánea de directorio tiene sus
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253 identificadores de conjuntos de cambios al final del nombre en caso de
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254 que sea apropiado. Si una instantánea viene de la revisión
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255 \texttt{a631aca1083f}, el directorio se llamará
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256 \dirname{foo.a631aca1083f}. Una instantánea del directorio de trabajo
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257 no tendrá el identificador del conjunto de cambios, y por lo tanto
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258 será solamente \dirname{foo} en este ejemplo. Para ver cómo luce en
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259 la práctica, veamos de nuevo el ejemplo \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff}
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260 antes mencionado. Tenga en cuenta que los diffs tienen los nombres de
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261 las instantáneas de directorio dentro de su encabezado.
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262
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263 La orden \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff} acepta dos opciones importantes.
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264 La opción \hgxopt{extdiff}{extdiff}{-p} le permite elegir un programa
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265 para ver las diferencias, en lugar de \command{diff}. Con la opción
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266 \hgxopt{extdiff}{extdiff}{-o} puede cambiar las opciones que
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267 \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff} pasa a tal programa (de forma predeterminada
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268 las opciones son``\texttt{-Npru}'', que tienen sentido únicamente si
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269 está usando \command{diff}). En otros aspectos, la orden
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270 \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff} actúa de forma similar a como lo hace la
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271 orden \hgcmd{diff} de Mercurial: usted usa los mismos nombres de
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272 opciones, sintaxis y argumentos para especificar las revisiones y los
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273 ficheros que quiere, y así sucesivamente.
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274
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275 Por ejemplo, para ejecutar la orden usual del sistema \command{diff},
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276 para lograr que se generen diferencias de contexto (con la opción
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277 \cmdopt{diff}{-c}) en lugar de diferencias unificadas, y cinco líneas
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278 de contexto en lugar de las tres predeterminadas (pasando \texttt{5}
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279 como argumento a la opción \cmdopt{diff}{-C}).
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280 \interaction{extdiff.extdiff-ctx}
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281
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282 Es sencillo lanzar unas herramienta usual de diferencias. Para lanzar
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283 el visor \command{kdiff3}:
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284 \begin{codesample2}
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285 hg extdiff -p kdiff3 -o ''
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286 \end{codesample2}
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287
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288 Si su orden para visualizar diferencias no puede tratar con
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289 directorios, puede usar un poco de scripting para lograrlo. Un
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290 ejemplo de un script con la extensión \hgext{mq} junto con la orden
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291 \command{interdiff} está en la sección~\ref{mq-collab:tips:interdiff}.
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292
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293 \subsection{Definición de alias de comandos}
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294
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295 Acordarse de todas las opciones de las órdenes
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296 \hgxcmd{extdiff}{extdiff} y el visor de diferencias de su preferencia
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297 puede ser dispendioso, y por lo tanto la extensión \hgext{extdiff} le
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298 permite definir \emph{nuevas} órdenes que invocarán su visor de
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299 diferencias con las opciones exactas.
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300
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301 Basta con editar su fichero \hgrc, y añadir una sección llamada
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302 \rcsection{extdiff}. Dentro de esta sección puede definir varias
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303 órdenes. Mostraremos como añadir la orden \texttt{kdiff3}. Después de
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304 definido, puede teclear ``\texttt{hg kdiff3}'' y la extensión a
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305 \hgext{extdiff} ejecutará la orden \command{kdiff3}.
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306 \begin{codesample2}
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307 [extdiff]
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308 cmd.kdiff3 =
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309 \end{codesample2}
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310 Si deja vacía la porción derecha de la definición, como en el ejemplo,
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311 la extensión \hgext{extdiff} usa el nombre de la orden se definirá
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312 como el nombre del programa externo a ejecutar. Pero tales nombres no
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313 tienen por qué ser iguales. Definimos ahora la orden llamada
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314 ``\texttt{hg wibble}'', que ejecuta \command{kdiff3}.
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315 \begin{codesample2}
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316 [extdiff]
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317 cmd.wibble = kdiff3
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318 \end{codesample2}
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319
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320 También puede especificar las opciones predeterminadas con las cuales
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321 desea invocar el visor de diferencias. Se usa el prefijo ``\texttt{opts.}'',
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322 seguido por el nombre de la orden a la cual se aplican las opciones.
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323 En este ejemplos se define la orden ``\texttt{hg vimdiff}'' que
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324 ejecuta la extensión \texttt{DirDiff} del editor \command{vim}.
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325 \begin{codesample2}
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326 [extdiff]
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327 cmd.vimdiff = vim
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328 opts.vimdiff = -f '+next' '+execute "DirDiff" argv(0) argv(1)'
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329 \end{codesample2}
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330
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331 \section{Uso de la extensión \hgext{transplant} para seleccionar}
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332 \label{sec:hgext:transplant}
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333
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334 Need to have a long chat with Brendan about this.
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335
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336 \section{Enviar cambios vía correo electrónico con la extensión \hgext{patchbomb}}
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337 \label{sec:hgext:patchbomb}
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338
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339 Varios proyectos tienen la cultura de ``revisión de cambios'', en la
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340 cual la gente envía sus modificaciones a una lista de correo para que
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341 otros las lean y comenten antes de consignar la versión final a un
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342 repositorio compartido. Algunos proyectos tienen personas que actúan
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343 como cancerberos; ellos aplican los cambios de otras personas a un
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344 repositorio para aquellos que no tienen acceso.
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345
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346 Mercurial facilita enviar cambios por correo para revisión o
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347 aplicación gracias a su extensión \hgext{patchbomb}. La extensión es
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348 tan popular porque los cambios se formatean como parches y es usual
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349 que se envía un conjunto de cambios por cada correo. Enviar una gran
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350 cantidad de cambios por correos se llama por tanto ``bombardear'' el
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351 buzón de entrada del destinatario, de ahí su nombre ``bombardeo de
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352 parches''.
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353
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354 Como es usual, la configuración básica de la extensión
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355 \hgext{patchbomb} consta de una o dos líneas en su \hgrc.
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356 \begin{codesample2}
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357 [extensions]
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358 patchbomb =
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359 \end{codesample2}
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360 Cuando haya habilitado la extensión, dispondrá de una nueva orden,
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361 llamada \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email}.
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362
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363 La forma mejor y más segura para invocar la orden
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364 \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email} es ejecutarla \emph{siempre} con la opción
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365 \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-n}; que le mostrará lo que la orden
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366 \emph{enviaría}, sin enviar nada. Una vez que haya dado un vistazo a
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367 los cambios y verificado que está enviando los correctos, puede volver
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368 a ejecutar la misma orden, sin la opción \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-n}.
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369
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370 La orden \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email} acepta la misma clase de sintaxis
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371 de revisiones como cualquier otra orden de Mercurial. Por ejemplo,
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372 enviará todas las revisiones entre la 7 y la \texttt{punta}, inclusive.
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373 \begin{codesample2}
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374 hg email -n 7:tip
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375 \end{codesample2}
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376 También puede especificar un \emph{repositorio} para comparar. Si
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377 indica un repositoro sin revisiones, la orden \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email}
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378 enviará todas las revisiones en el repositorio local que no están
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379 presentes en el repositorio remoto. Si especifica revisiones
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380 adicionalmente o el nombre de una rama (la última con la opción
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381 \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-b}), respetará las revisiones enviadas.
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382
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383 Ejecutar la orden \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email} sin los nombres de
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384 aquellas personas a las cuales desea enviar el correo es completamente
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385 seguro: si lo hace, solicitará tales valores de forma interactiva.
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386 (Si está usando Linux o un sistema tipo Unix, tendrá capacidades
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387 estilo--\texttt{readline} aumentadas cuando ingrese tales encabezados,
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388 lo cual es sumamente útil.)
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389
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390 Cuando envíe una sola revisión, la orden \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email}
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391 de forma predeterminada usará la primera línea de descripción del
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392 conjunto de cambios como el tema del único mensaje que se enviará.
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393
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394 Si envía varias revisiones, la orden \hgxcmd{patchbomb}{email} enviará
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395 normalmente un mensaje por conjunto de cambios. colocará como
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396 prefacio un mensaje introductorio en el cual usted debería describir
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397 el propósito de la serie de cambios que está enviando.
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398
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399 \subsection{Cambiar el comportamiento de las bombas de parches}
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400
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401 Cada proyecto tiene sus propias convenciones para enviar cambios en un
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402 correo electrónico; la extensión \hgext{patchbomb} intenta acomodarse
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403 a diferentes variaciones gracias a las opciones de la línea de órdenes:
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404 \begin{itemize}
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405 \item Puede escribir un tema para el mensaje introductorio en la línea
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406 de órdenes con la opciń \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-s}. Toma un
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407 argumento: el tema del mensaje a usar.
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408 \item Para cambiar el correo electrónico del campo del cual se
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409 origina, use la opción \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-f}. Toma un
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410 argumento, el correo electrónico a usar.
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411 \item El comportamiento predeterminado es enviar diferencias
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412 unificadas (consulte la sección~\ref{sec:mq:patch} si desea una
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413 descripción del formato), una por mensaje. Puede enviar un conjunto
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414 binario\ndt{binary bundle} con la opción \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-b}.
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415 \item Las diferencias unificadas están precedidas por un encabezado de
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416 metadatos. Puede omitirlo, y enviar diferencias sin adornos con la
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417 opción \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{--plain}.
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418 \item Las diferencias usualmente se envían ``en línea'', como parte
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419 del cuerpo del mensaje con la descripción del parche. Que facilita a
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420 a la mayor cantidad de lectores citar y responder partes de un diff,
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421 dado que algunos clientes de correo solamente citarán la primera
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422 parte MIME del cuerpo de un mensaje. Si prefiere enviar la
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423 descripción y el diff en partes separadas del cuerpo, use la opción
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424 \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-a}.
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425 \item En lugar de enviar mensajes de correo puede escribirlos a un
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426 fichero con formato-\texttt{mbox}- con la opción
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427 \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-m}. La opción recibe un argumento, el
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428 nombre del fichero en el cual escribir.
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429 \item Si desea añadir un resumen con formato-\command{diffstat} en
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430 cada parche, y uno como mensaje introductorio, use la opción
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431 \hgxopt{patchbomb}{email}{-d}. La orden \command{diffstat}
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432 despliega una tabla que contiene el nombre de cada fichero parchado,
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433 el número de líneas afectadas, y un historgrama mostrando cuánto ha
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434 sido modificado cada fichero. Lo cual ofrece a los lectores una
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435 mirada cuantitativa de cuan complejo es el parche.
435
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436 \end{itemize}
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437
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438 %%% Local Variables:
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439 %%% mode: latex
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440 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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441 %%% End: