Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/tour-merge.tex @ 489:c3a867bba34a
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author | Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li> |
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date | Sun, 02 Nov 2008 20:08:45 -0500 |
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480 | 1 \chapter{Una gira de Mercurial: fusionar trabajo} |
435 | 2 \label{chap:tour-merge} |
3 | |
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4 Hasta ahora hemos cubierto cómo clonar un repositorio, hacer cambios, |
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5 y jalar o empujar dichos cambios de un repositorio a otro. Nuestro |
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6 siguiente paso es \emph{fusionar} cambios de repositorios separados. |
435 | 7 |
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8 % TODO cambié streams por líneas. check please |
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9 \section{Fusionar líneas de trabajo} |
435 | 10 |
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11 Fusionar es una parte fundamental de trabajar con una herramienta |
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12 de control distribuido de versiones. |
435 | 13 \begin{itemize} |
482
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14 \item Alicia y Roberto tienen cada uno una copia personal del |
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15 repositorio de un proyecto en el que están trabajando. Alicia |
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16 arregla un fallo en su repositorio; Roberto añade una nueva |
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17 característica en el suyo. Ambos desean que el repositorio |
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18 compartido contenga el arreglo del fallo y la nueva |
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19 característica. |
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20 \item Frecuentemente trabajo en varias tareas diferentes en un mismo |
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21 proyecto al mismo tiempo, cada una aislada convenientemente de las |
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22 otras en su propio repositorio. Trabajar de esta manera significa |
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23 que a menudo debo fusionar una parte de mi propio trabajo con |
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24 otra. |
435 | 25 \end{itemize} |
26 | |
482
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27 Como fusionar es una operación tan necesaria y común, Mercurial la |
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28 facilita. Revisemos el proceso. Empezaremos clonando (otro) |
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29 % TODO poner interrogante de apertura |
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30 repositorio (ve lo seguido que aparecen?) y haciendo un cambio en él. |
435 | 31 \interaction{tour.merge.clone} |
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32 Ahora deberíamos tener dos copias de \filename{hello.c} con contenidos |
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33 diferentes. El historial de los dos repositorios diverge ahora, como |
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34 se ilustra en la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:sep-repos}. |
435 | 35 \interaction{tour.merge.cat} |
36 | |
37 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
38 \centering | |
39 \grafix{tour-merge-sep-repos} | |
482
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40 \caption{Historial reciente divergente de los repositorios |
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41 \dirname{my-hello} y \dirname{my-new-hello}} |
435 | 42 \label{fig:tour-merge:sep-repos} |
43 \end{figure} | |
44 | |
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45 Ya sabemos que jalar los cambios desde nuestro repositorio |
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46 \dirname{my-hello} no tendrá efecto en el directorio de trabajo. |
435 | 47 \interaction{tour.merge.pull} |
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48 Sin embargo, el comando \hgcmd{pull} dice algo acerca de |
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49 ``frentes''\ndt{El autor se refiere a \emph{heads} aquí.}. |
435 | 50 |
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51 \subsection{Conjuntos de cambios de frentes} |
435 | 52 |
483
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53 Un frente es un cambio que no tiene descendientes, o hijos, como |
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54 también se les conoce. La revisión de punta es, por tanto, un frente, |
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55 porque la revisión más reciente en un repositorio no tiene ningún |
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56 % TODO cambio en la redacción de la frase, pero espero que conserve el |
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57 % sentido. Querido human@, apruebe o corrija :D |
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58 hijo. Sin embargo, un repositorio puede contener más de un frente. |
435 | 59 |
60 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
61 \centering | |
62 \grafix{tour-merge-pull} | |
483
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63 \caption{Contenidos del repositorio después de jalar |
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64 \dirname{my-hello} a \dirname{my-new-hello}} |
435 | 65 \label{fig:tour-merge:pull} |
66 \end{figure} | |
67 | |
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68 En la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:pull} usted puede ver el efecto que |
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69 tiene jalar los cambios de \dirname{my-hello} a \dirname{my-new-hello}. |
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70 El historial que ya existía en \dirname{my-new-hello} se mantiene |
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71 intacto, pero fue añadida una nueva revisión. Refiriéndonos a la |
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72 figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:sep-repos}, podemos ver que el \emph{ID del |
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73 conjunto de cambios} se mantiene igual en el nuevo repositorio, pero |
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74 el \emph{número de revisión} ha cambiado. (Incidentalmente, éste es un |
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75 buen ejemplo de porqué no es seguro usar números de revisión cuando se |
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76 habla de conjuntos de cambios). Podemos ver los frentes en un |
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77 repositorio usando el comando \hgcmd{heads}\ndt{Frentes.}. |
435 | 78 \interaction{tour.merge.heads} |
79 | |
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80 \subsection{Hacer la fusión} |
435 | 81 |
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82 % TODO poner interrogante de apertura |
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83 Qué pasa si tratamos de usar el comando usual, \hgcmd{update}, para |
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84 actualizar el nuevo frente? |
435 | 85 \interaction{tour.merge.update} |
484
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86 Mercurial nos indica que el comando \hgcmd{update} no hará la fusión; |
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87 no actualizará el directorio de trabajo cuando considera que lo que |
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88 deseamos hacer es una fusión, a menos que lo obliguemos a hacerlo. |
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89 En vez de \hgcmd{update}, usamos el comando \hgcmd{merge} para hacer |
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90 la fusión entre los dos frentes. |
435 | 91 \interaction{tour.merge.merge} |
92 | |
93 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
94 \centering | |
95 \grafix{tour-merge-merge} | |
484
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96 \caption{Directorio de trabajo y repositorio durante la fusión, y |
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97 consignación consecuente} |
435 | 98 \label{fig:tour-merge:merge} |
99 \end{figure} | |
100 | |
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101 Esto actualiza el directorio de trabajo, de tal forma que contenga los |
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102 cambios de \emph{ambos} frentes, lo que se ve reflejado tanto en la |
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103 salida de \hgcmd{parents} como en los contenidos de \filename{hello.c}. |
435 | 104 \interaction{tour.merge.parents} |
105 | |
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106 \subsection{Consignar los resultados de la fusión} |
435 | 107 |
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108 Siempre que hacemos una fusión, \hgcmd{parents} mostrará dos padres |
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109 hasta que consignemos (\hgcmd{commit}) los resultados de la fusión. |
435 | 110 \interaction{tour.merge.commit} |
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111 Ahora tenemos una nueva revisión de punta; note que tiene \emph{los |
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112 dos} frentes anteriores como sus padres. Estos son las mismas |
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113 revisiones que mostró previamente el comando \hgcmd{parents}. |
435 | 114 \interaction{tour.merge.tip} |
489
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115 En la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:merge} usted puede apreciar una |
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116 representación de lo que pasa en el directorio de trabajo durante la |
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117 fusión cuando se hace la consignación. Durante la fusión, el |
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118 directorio de trabajo tiene dos conjuntos de cambios como sus padres, |
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119 y éstos se vuelven los padres del nuevo conjunto de cambios. |
435 | 120 |
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121 \section{Fusionar cambios con conflictos} |
435 | 122 |
489
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123 La mayoría de las fusiones son algo simple, pero a veces usted se |
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124 encontrará fusionando cambios donde más de uno de ellos afecta las |
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125 mismas secciones de los mismos ficheros. A menos que ambas |
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126 modificaciones sean idénticas, el resultado es un \emph{conflicto}, en |
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127 donde usted debe decidir cómo reconciliar ambos cambios y producir un |
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128 resultado coherente. |
435 | 129 |
130 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
131 \centering | |
132 \grafix{tour-merge-conflict} | |
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133 \caption{Cambios con conflictos a un documento} |
435 | 134 \label{fig:tour-merge:conflict} |
135 \end{figure} | |
136 | |
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137 La figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:conflict} ilustra un ejemplo con dos |
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138 cambios generando conflictos en un documento. Empezamos con una sola |
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139 versión de el fichero; luego hicimos algunos cambios; mientras tanto, |
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140 alguien más hizo cambios diferentes en el mismo texto. Lo que debemos |
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141 hacer para resolver el conflicto causado por ambos cambios es decidir |
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142 cómo debe quedar finalmente el fichero. |
435 | 143 |
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144 Mercurial no tiene ninguna utilidad integrada para manejar conflictos. |
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145 En vez de eso, ejecuta un programa externo llamado \command{hgmerge}. |
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146 Es un guión de línea de comandos que es instalado junto con Mercurial; |
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147 usted puede modificarlo para que se comporte como usted lo desee. Por |
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148 defecto, lo que hace es tratar de encontrar una de varias herramientas |
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149 para fusionar que es probable que estén instaladas en su sistema. |
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150 Primero se intenta con unas herramientas para fusionar cambios |
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151 automáticamente; si esto no tiene éxito (porque la fusión demanda |
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152 una guía humana) o dichas herramientas no están presentes, el guión |
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153 intenta con herramientas gráficas para fusionar. |
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155 También es posible hacer que Mercurial ejecute otro programa o guión |
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156 en vez de \command{hgmerge}, definiendo la variable de entorno |
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157 \envar{HGMERGE} con el nombre del programa de su preferencia. |
435 | 158 |
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159 \subsection{Usar una herramienta gráfica para fusión} |
435 | 160 |
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161 Mi herramienta favorita para hacer fusiones es \command{kdiff3}, y la |
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162 usaré para describir las características comunes de las herramientas |
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163 gráficas para hacer fusiones. Puede ver una captura de pantalla de |
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164 \command{kdiff3} ejecutándose, en la |
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165 figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:kdiff3}. El tipo de fusión que la |
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166 herramienta hace se conoce como \emph{fusión de tres vías}, porque hay |
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167 tres versiones diferentes del archivo en que estamos interesados. |
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168 Debido a esto la herramienta divide la parte superior de la ventana en |
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169 tres paneles. |
435 | 170 \begin{itemize} |
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171 \item A la izquierda está la revisión \emph{base} del fichero, p.ej.~la |
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172 versión más reciente de la que descienden las dos versiones que |
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173 estamos tratando de fusionar. |
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174 \item En la mitad está ``nuestra'' versión del fichero, con las |
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175 modificaciones que hemos hecho. |
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176 \item A la derecha está la versión del fichero de ``ellos'', la que |
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177 forma parte del conjunto de cambios que estamos tratando de |
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178 fusionar. |
435 | 179 \end{itemize} |
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180 En el panel inferior se encuentra el \emph{resultado} actual de la |
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181 fusión. Nuestra tarea es reemplazar todo el texto rojo, que muestra |
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182 los conflictos sin resolver, con una fusión adecuada de ``nuestra'' |
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183 versión del fichero y la de ``ellos''. |
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185 Los cuatro paneles están \emph{enlazados}; si avanzamos vertical o |
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186 horizontalmente en cualquiera de ellos, los otros son actualizados |
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187 para mostrar las secciones correspondientes del fichero que tengan |
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188 asociado. |
435 | 189 |
190 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
191 \centering | |
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192 \grafix[width=\textwidth]{kdiff3} |
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193 \caption{Usando \command{kdiff3} para fusionar versiones de un |
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194 fichero} |
435 | 195 \label{fig:tour-merge:kdiff3} |
196 \end{figure} | |
197 | |
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198 En cada conflicto del fichero podemos escoger resolverlo usando |
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199 cualquier combinación del texto de la revisión base, la nuestra, o la |
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200 de ellos. También podemos editar manualmente el fichero en que queda |
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201 la fusión, si es necesario hacer cambios adicionales. |
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203 Hay \emph{muchas} herramientas para fusionar ficheros disponibles. Se |
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204 diferencian en las plataformas para las que están disponibles, y en |
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205 sus fortalezas y debilidades particulares. La mayoría están afinadas |
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206 para fusionar texto plano, mientras que otras están pensadas para |
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207 formatos de archivos especializados (generalmente XML). |
435 | 208 |
209 \subsection{A worked example} | |
210 | |
211 In this example, we will reproduce the file modification history of | |
212 figure~\ref{fig:tour-merge:conflict} above. Let's begin by creating a | |
213 repository with a base version of our document. | |
214 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.wife} | |
215 We'll clone the repository and make a change to the file. | |
216 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.cousin} | |
217 And another clone, to simulate someone else making a change to the | |
218 file. (This hints at the idea that it's not all that unusual to merge | |
219 with yourself when you isolate tasks in separate repositories, and | |
220 indeed to find and resolve conflicts while doing so.) | |
221 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.son} | |
222 Having created two different versions of the file, we'll set up an | |
223 environment suitable for running our merge. | |
224 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.pull} | |
225 | |
226 In this example, I won't use Mercurial's normal \command{hgmerge} | |
227 program to do the merge, because it would drop my nice automated | |
228 example-running tool into a graphical user interface. Instead, I'll | |
229 set \envar{HGMERGE} to tell Mercurial to use the non-interactive | |
230 \command{merge} command. This is bundled with many Unix-like systems. | |
231 If you're following this example on your computer, don't bother | |
232 setting \envar{HGMERGE}. | |
233 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.merge} | |
234 Because \command{merge} can't resolve the conflicting changes, it | |
235 leaves \emph{merge markers} inside the file that has conflicts, | |
236 indicating which lines have conflicts, and whether they came from our | |
237 version of the file or theirs. | |
238 | |
239 Mercurial can tell from the way \command{merge} exits that it wasn't | |
240 able to merge successfully, so it tells us what commands we'll need to | |
241 run if we want to redo the merging operation. This could be useful | |
242 if, for example, we were running a graphical merge tool and quit | |
243 because we were confused or realised we had made a mistake. | |
244 | |
245 If automatic or manual merges fail, there's nothing to prevent us from | |
246 ``fixing up'' the affected files ourselves, and committing the results | |
247 of our merge: | |
248 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.commit} | |
249 | |
250 \section{Simplifying the pull-merge-commit sequence} | |
251 \label{sec:tour-merge:fetch} | |
252 | |
253 The process of merging changes as outlined above is straightforward, | |
254 but requires running three commands in sequence. | |
255 \begin{codesample2} | |
256 hg pull | |
257 hg merge | |
258 hg commit -m 'Merged remote changes' | |
259 \end{codesample2} | |
260 In the case of the final commit, you also need to enter a commit | |
261 message, which is almost always going to be a piece of uninteresting | |
262 ``boilerplate'' text. | |
263 | |
264 It would be nice to reduce the number of steps needed, if this were | |
265 possible. Indeed, Mercurial is distributed with an extension called | |
266 \hgext{fetch} that does just this. | |
267 | |
268 Mercurial provides a flexible extension mechanism that lets people | |
269 extend its functionality, while keeping the core of Mercurial small | |
270 and easy to deal with. Some extensions add new commands that you can | |
271 use from the command line, while others work ``behind the scenes,'' | |
272 for example adding capabilities to the server. | |
273 | |
274 The \hgext{fetch} extension adds a new command called, not | |
275 surprisingly, \hgcmd{fetch}. This extension acts as a combination of | |
276 \hgcmd{pull}, \hgcmd{update} and \hgcmd{merge}. It begins by pulling | |
277 changes from another repository into the current repository. If it | |
278 finds that the changes added a new head to the repository, it begins a | |
279 merge, then commits the result of the merge with an | |
280 automatically-generated commit message. If no new heads were added, | |
281 it updates the working directory to the new tip changeset. | |
282 | |
283 Enabling the \hgext{fetch} extension is easy. Edit your | |
284 \sfilename{.hgrc}, and either go to the \rcsection{extensions} section | |
285 or create an \rcsection{extensions} section. Then add a line that | |
286 simply reads ``\Verb+fetch +''. | |
287 \begin{codesample2} | |
288 [extensions] | |
289 fetch = | |
290 \end{codesample2} | |
291 (Normally, on the right-hand side of the ``\texttt{=}'' would appear | |
292 the location of the extension, but since the \hgext{fetch} extension | |
293 is in the standard distribution, Mercurial knows where to search for | |
294 it.) | |
295 | |
296 %%% Local Variables: | |
297 %%% mode: latex | |
298 %%% TeX-master: "00book" | |
299 %%% End: |