Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/daily.tex @ 640:67b96bca5769
finished revision of daily.tex
author | Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li> |
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date | Thu, 29 Jan 2009 22:59:04 -0500 |
parents | 193d107798cc |
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1 \chapter{Mercurial día a día} |
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2 \label{chap:daily} |
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3 |
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4 \section{Cómo indicarle a Mercurial qué ficheros seguir} |
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5 |
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6 Mercurial no trabaja con ficheros en su repositorio a menos que usted |
634 | 7 se lo indique explícitamente. La orden \hgcmd{status} le mostrará |
8 cuáles ficheros son desconocidos para Mercurial; se emplea un | |
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9 ``\texttt{?}'' para mostrar tales ficheros. |
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11 Para indicarle a Mercurial que tenga en cuenta un fichero, emplee la |
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12 orden \hgcmd{add}. Una vez que haya adicionado el fichero, la línea |
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13 referente al fichero al aplicar la orden \hgcmd{status} para tal |
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14 fichero cambia de ``\texttt{?}'' a ``\texttt{A}''. |
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15 \interaction{daily.files.add} |
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16 |
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17 Después de invocar \hgcmd{commit}, los ficheros que haya adicionado |
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18 antes de consignar no se listarán en la salida de \hgcmd{status}. La |
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19 razón para esto es que \hgcmd{status} solamente le muestra aquellos |
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20 ficheros ``interesantes'' ---~los que usted haya modificado o a aquellos |
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21 sobre los que usted haya indicado a Mercurial hacer algo--- de forma |
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22 predeterminada. Si tiene un repositorio que contiene miles de |
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23 ficheros, rara vez deseará saber cuáles de ellos están siendo |
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24 seguidos por Mercurial, pero que no han cambiado. (De todas maneras, |
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25 puede obtener tal información; más adelante hablaremos de ello.) |
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26 |
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27 |
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28 Cuando usted añade un fichero, Mercurial no hace nada con él inmediatamente. |
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29 En cambio, tomará una instantánea del estado del fichero la próxima vez |
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30 que usted consigne. Continuará haciendo seguimiento a los cambios que |
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31 haga sobre el fichero cada vez que consigne, hasta que usted lo elimine. |
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32 |
634 | 33 \subsection{Nombramiento explícito e implícito de ficheros} |
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34 |
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35 Mercurial tiene un comportamiento útil en el cual si a una orden, |
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36 le pasa el nombre de un directorio, todas las órdenes lo interpretarán como |
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37 ``Deseo operar en cada fichero de este directorio y sus |
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38 subdirectorios''. |
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39 \interaction{daily.files.add-dir} |
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40 Tenga en cuenta que en este ejemplo Mercurial imprimió los nombres de |
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41 los ficheros que se adicionaron, mientras que no lo hizo en el ejemplo |
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42 anterior cuando adicionamos el fichero con nombre \filename{a}. |
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43 |
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44 En el último caso hicimos explícito el nombre del fichero que |
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45 deseábamos adicionar en la línea de órdenes, y Mercurial asume en |
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46 tales casos que usted sabe lo que está haciendo y no imprime |
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47 información alguna. |
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48 |
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49 Cuando hacemos \emph{implícitos} los nombres de los ficheros dando el |
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50 nombre de un directorio, Mercurial efectúa el paso extra de imprimir |
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51 el nombre de cada fichero con el que va a hacer algo. Esto para |
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52 aclarar lo que está sucediendo, y reducir en lo posible una sorpresa |
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53 silenciosa pero fatal. Este comportamiento es común a la mayoría de |
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54 órdenes en Mercurial. |
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55 |
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56 \subsection{Nota al margen: Mercurial trata ficheros, no directorios} |
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57 |
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58 Mercurial no da seguimiento a la información de los directorios. En |
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59 lugar de eso tiene en cuenta las rutas de los ficheros. Antes de |
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60 crear un fichero, primero crea todos los directorios que hagan falta |
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61 para completar la ruta del mismo. Después de borrar un fichero, |
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62 borra todos los directorios vacíos que estuvieran en la ruta del |
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63 fichero borrado. Suena como una diferencia trivial, pero tiene una |
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64 consecuencia práctica menor: no es posible representar un directorio |
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65 completamente vacío en Mercurial. |
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66 |
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67 Los directorios vacíos rara vez son útiles, y hay soluciones |
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68 alternativas no intrusivas que usted puede emplear para obtener el efecto |
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69 apropiado. Los desarrolladores de Mercurial pensaron que la |
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70 complejidad necesaria para administrar directorios vacíos no valía la |
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71 pena frente al beneficio limitado que esta característica podría traer. |
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72 |
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73 Si necesita un directorio vacío en su repositorio, hay algunas formas |
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74 de lograrlo. Una es crear un directorio, después hacer \hgcmd{add} a |
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75 un fichero ``oculto'' dentro de ese directorio. En sistemas tipo |
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76 Unix, cualquier fichero cuyo nombre comience con un punto |
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77 (``\texttt{.}'') es tratado como oculto por la mayoría de |
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78 comandos y herramientas GUI. Esta aproximación se ilustra en la figura~\ref{ex:daily:hidden}. |
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79 |
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80 \begin{figure}[ht] |
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81 \interaction{daily.files.hidden} |
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82 \caption{Simular un directorio vacío con un fichero oculto} |
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83 \label{ex:daily:hidden} |
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84 \end{figure} |
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85 |
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86 Otra forma de abordar la necesidad de un directorio vacío es |
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87 simplemente crear uno en sus guiones de construcción antes de que lo |
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88 necesiten. |
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89 |
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90 \section{Cómo dejar de hacer seguimiento a un fichero} |
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91 |
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92 Si decide que un fichero no pertenece a su repositorio, use la orden |
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93 \hgcmd{remove}; se borrará el fichero y le indicará a Mercurial que |
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94 deje de hacerle seguimiento. Los ficheros eliminados se representan |
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95 con ``\texttt{R}'' al usar \hgcmd{status}. |
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96 \interaction{daily.files.remove} |
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97 |
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98 Después de hacer \hgcmd{remove} a un fichero, Mercurial dejará de |
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99 hacer seguimiento al mismo, incluso si recrea el fichero con el mismo |
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100 nombre en su directorio de trabajo. Si decide recrear un fichero con |
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101 el mismo nombre y desea que Mercurial le haga seguimiento, basta con |
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102 hacerle \hgcmd{add}. Mercurial sabrá que el fichero recientemente |
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103 adicionado no está relacionado con el fichero anterior que tenía el |
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104 mismo nombre. |
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105 |
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106 \subsection{Al eliminar un fichero no se afecta su historial} |
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107 |
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108 Es preciso tener en cuenta que eliminar un fichero tiene sólo dos |
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109 efectos. |
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110 \begin{itemize} |
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111 \item Se elimina la versión actual del fichero del directorio de |
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112 trabajo. |
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113 \item Mercurial deja de hacer seguimiento a los cambios del fichero |
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114 desde la próxima consignación. |
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115 \end{itemize} |
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116 Al eliminar un fichero \emph{no} se altera de ninguna manera el |
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117 \emph{historial} del mismo. |
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118 |
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119 Si actualiza su directorio de trabajo a un conjunto de cambios en el |
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120 cual el fichero que eliminó aún era tenido en cuenta, éste reaparecerá en |
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121 el directorio de trabajo, con los contenidos que este tenía cuando se |
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122 consignó tal conjunto de cambios. Si usted actualiza el directorio de |
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123 trabajo a un conjunto de cambios posterior en el cual el fichero había |
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124 sido eliminado, Mercurial lo eliminará de nuevo del directorio de |
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125 trabajo. |
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126 |
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127 \subsection{Ficheros perdidos} |
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128 |
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129 Mercurial considera como \emph{perdido} un fichero que usted borró, |
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130 pero para el que no se usó \hgcmd{remove}. Los ficheros perdidos se |
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131 representan con ``\texttt{!}'' al visualizar \hgcmd{status}. |
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132 Las órdenes de Mercurial generalmente no harán nada con los ficheros |
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133 perdidos. |
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134 \interaction{daily.files.missing} |
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135 |
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136 Si su repositorio contiene un fichero que \hgcmd{status} reporta como |
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137 perdido, y desea que el mismo se vaya, se puede usar |
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138 \hgcmdargs{remove}{\hgopt{remove}{--after}} posteriormente para |
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139 indicarle a Mercurial que usted deseaba borrar tal fichero. |
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140 \interaction{daily.files.remove-after} |
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141 |
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142 Por otro lado, si borró un fichero perdido por accidente, puede usar |
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143 \hgcmdargs{revert}{\emph{nombre de fichero}} para recuperar el |
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144 fichero. Reaparecerá, sin modificaciones. |
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145 \interaction{daily.files.recover-missing} |
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146 |
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147 \subsection{Nota al margen: ¿Por qué decirle explícitamente a Mercurial |
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148 que elimine un fichero?} |
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149 |
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150 Es posible que se haya preguntado por qué Mercurial exige que usted le |
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151 indique explícitamente que está borrando un fichero. Al principio del |
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152 desarrollo de Mercurial, este permitía que usted borrara el fichero |
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153 sin más; Mercurial se daría cuenta de la ausencia del fichero |
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154 automáticamente después de la ejecución de \hgcmd{commit}, y dejaría de |
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155 hacer seguimiento al fichero. En la práctica, resultaba muy sencillo |
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156 borrar un fichero accidentalmente sin darse cuenta. |
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157 |
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158 \subsection{Atajo útil---agregar y eliminar ficheros en un solo paso} |
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159 |
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160 Mercurial ofrece una orden combinada, \hgcmd{addremove}, que agrega |
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161 los ficheros que no tienen seguimiento y marca los ficheros faltantes |
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162 como eliminados. |
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163 \interaction{daily.files.addremove} |
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164 La orden \hgcmd{commit} se puede usar con la opción \hgopt{commit}{-A} |
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165 que aplica el mismo agregar-eliminar, seguido inmediatamente de una |
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166 consignación. |
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167 \interaction{daily.files.commit-addremove} |
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168 |
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169 \section{Copiar ficheros} |
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170 |
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171 Mercurial ofrece la orden \hgcmd{copy} para hacer una copia nueva de |
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172 un fichero. Cuando se copia un fichero con esta orden, Mercurial |
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173 lleva un registro indicando que el nuevo fichero es una copia del |
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174 fichero original. Los ficheros copiados se tratan de forma especial cuando |
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175 usted hace una fusión con el trabajo de alguien más. |
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176 |
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177 \subsection{Resultados de copiar un fichero durante una fusión} |
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178 |
520 | 179 Durante una fusión los cambios ``siguen'' una copia. Para ilustrar |
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180 lo que esto significa, haremos un ejemplo. Comenzaremos con el mini |
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181 repositorio usual que contiene un solo fichero |
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182 \interaction{daily.copy.init} |
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183 Debemos hacer algo de trabajo en paralelo, de forma que tengamos algo para |
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184 fusionar. Aquí clonamos el repositorio. |
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185 \interaction{daily.copy.clone} |
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186 De vuelta en el repositorio inicial, usemos la orden \hgcmd{copy} para hacer |
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187 una copia del primer fichero que creamos. |
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188 \interaction{daily.copy.copy} |
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189 |
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190 Si vemos la salida de la orden \hgcmd{status}, el fichero copiado luce |
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191 tal como un fichero que se ha añadido normalmente. |
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192 \interaction{daily.copy.status} |
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193 Pero si usamos la opción \hgopt{status}{-C} de la orden |
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194 \hgcmd{status}, se imprimirá otra línea: el fichero \emph{desde} el |
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195 cual fue copiado nuestro fichero recién añadido. |
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196 \interaction{daily.copy.status-copy} |
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197 |
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198 Ahora, en el repositorio que clonamos, hagamos un cambio en |
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199 paralelo. Adicionaremos una línea de contenido al fichero original que |
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200 creamos. |
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201 \interaction{daily.copy.other} |
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202 Hemos modificado el fichero \filename{file} en este |
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203 repositorio. Cuando jalemos los cambios del primer repositorio y |
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204 fusionemos las dos cabezas, Mercurial propagará los cambios que hemos |
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205 hecho localmente en \filename{file} a su copia, \filename{new-file}. |
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206 \interaction{daily.copy.merge} |
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207 |
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208 \subsection{¿Por qué los cambios se reflejan en las copias?} |
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209 \label{sec:daily:why-copy} |
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210 |
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211 Este comportamiento de cambios en ficheros que se propagan a las |
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212 copias de los ficheros parecería esotérico, pero en la mayoría de |
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213 casos es absolutamente deseable. |
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214 Es indispensable recordar que esta propagación \emph{solamente} sucede |
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215 cuando fusionamos. Por lo tanto si sobre un fichero se usa |
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216 \hgcmd{copy}, y se modifica el fichero original durante el curso |
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217 normal de su trabajo, nada pasará. |
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218 |
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219 Lo segundo a tener en cuenta es que las modificaciones solamente se |
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220 propagarán en las copias únicamente si los repositorios de los cuales |
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221 está jalando los cambios \emph{no saben} de la copia. |
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222 |
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223 Explicaremos a continuación la razón de este comportamiento de |
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224 Mercurial. Digamos que yo he aplicado un arreglo de un fallo importante a un |
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225 fichero fuente y consigné los cambios. Por otro lado, usted decidió hacer |
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226 \hgcmd{copy} sobre el fichero en su repositorio, sin saber acerca del |
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227 fallo o sin ver el arreglo, y ha comenzado a trabajar sobre su copia |
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228 del fichero. |
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229 |
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230 Si jala y fusiona mis cambios y Mercurial \emph{no hubiera} propagado |
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231 los cambios en las copias, su fichero fuente tendría el fallo, a menos |
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232 que usted haya recordado propagar el arreglo del fallo a mano, el |
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233 mismo \emph{permanecería} en su copia del fichero. |
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234 |
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235 Mercurial previene esta clase de problemas, gracias a la propagación |
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236 automática del cambio que arregló el fallo del fichero original. Hasta |
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237 donde sé, Mercurial es el \emph{único} sistema de control de |
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238 revisiones que propaga los cambios en las copias de esta forma. |
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239 |
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240 Cuando su historial de cambios tiene un registro de la copia y la |
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241 subsecuente fusión, usualmente no es necesario propagar los cambios el |
634 | 242 fichero original a las copias del mismo, y por esta razón Mercurial |
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243 propaga únicamente los cambios en las copias hasta este punto y no más |
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244 allá. |
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245 |
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246 |
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247 \subsection{Cómo hacer que los cambios \emph{no} sigan a la copia?} |
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248 |
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249 Si por algún motivo usted decide que esta característica de |
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250 propagación automática de cambios en las copias no es para usted, |
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251 simplemente use |
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252 la orden usual de su sistema para copiar ficheros (en sistemas tipo |
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253 Unix, es \command{cp}), y posteriormente use \hgcmd{add} sobre la nueva |
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254 copia hecha a mano. Antes de hacerlo, de todas maneras, relea la |
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255 sección~\ref{sec:daily:why-copy}, y tome una decisión asegurándose que |
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256 este comportamiento no es el apropiado para su caso específico. |
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257 |
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258 \subsection{Comportamiento de la orden \hgcmd{copy}} |
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259 |
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260 Cuando usa la orden \hgcmd{copy}, Mercurial hace una copia de cada |
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261 fichero fuente tal como se encuentra en el directorio actual. Esto |
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262 significa que si usted hace |
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263 modificaciones a un fichero, y le aplica \hgcmd{copy} sin haber |
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264 consignado primero los cambios, la nueva copia contendrá también las |
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265 modificaciones que haya hecho hasta ese punto. (Este comportamiento me |
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266 parece poco intuitivo, y por tal motivo lo menciono.) |
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267 |
634 | 268 La orden \hgcmd{copy} actúa de forma parecida a la orden \command{cp} |
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269 de Unix (puede usar el alias \hgcmd{cp} si le es más cómodo). El |
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270 último argumento es el \emph{destino}, y todos los argumentos previos |
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271 son las \emph{fuentes}. Si solamente indica un fichero como la |
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272 fuente, y el destino no existe, se crea un fichero nuevo con ese nombre. |
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273 \interaction{daily.copy.simple} |
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274 Si el destino es un directorio, Mercurial copia las fuentes en éste. |
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275 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-dest} |
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276 La copia de un directorio es recursiva, y preserva la estructura del |
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277 directorio fuente. |
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278 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src} |
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279 Si tanto la fuente como el destino son directorios, la estructura de |
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280 la fuente se recrea en el directorio destino. |
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281 \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src-dest} |
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282 |
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283 De la misma forma que la orden \hgcmd{rename}, si copia un fichero |
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284 manualmente y desea que Mercurial sepa que ha copiado un fichero, |
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285 basta con aplicar la opción \hgopt{copy}{--after} a la orden |
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286 \hgcmd{copy}. |
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287 \interaction{daily.copy.after} |
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288 |
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289 \section{Renombrar ficheros} |
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290 |
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291 La necesidad de renombrar un fichero es más común que hacer una copia |
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292 del mismo. La razón por la cual discutí la orden \hgcmd{copy} antes |
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293 de hablar acerca de cambiar el nombre de los ficheros, es que |
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294 Mercurial trata el renombrar un fichero de la misma forma que una |
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295 copia. Por lo tanto, saber lo que hace Mercurial cuando usted copia |
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296 un fichero le indica qué esperar cuando renombra un fichero. |
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297 |
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298 Cuando usa la orden \hgcmd{rename}, Mercurial hace una copia de cada |
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299 fichero fuente, lo borra y lo marca como fichero eliminado. |
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300 \interaction{daily.rename.rename} |
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301 La orden \hgcmd{status} muestra la nueva copia del fichero como |
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302 añadida y el fichero inicial de la copia, como eliminado. |
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303 \interaction{daily.rename.status} |
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304 De la misma forma en que se usa la orden \hgcmd{copy}, debemos usar la |
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305 opción \hgopt{status}{-C} de la orden \hgcmd{status} para verificar |
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306 que el fichero añadido realmente comienza a ser seguido por Mercurial |
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307 como una copia del fichero original, ahora eliminado. |
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308 \interaction{daily.rename.status-copy} |
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309 |
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310 Igual que con \hgcmd{remove} y \hgcmd{copy}, puede indicársele a |
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311 Mercurial acerca de un renombramiento inmediato con la opción |
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312 \hgopt{rename}{--after}. El comportamiento de la orden |
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313 \hgcmd{rename} y las opciones que acepta, son similares a la orden |
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314 \hgcmd{copy} en casi todo. |
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315 |
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316 \subsection{Renombrar ficheros y fusionar cambios} |
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317 |
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318 Dado que el renombrado de Mercurial se implementa como un |
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319 copiar-y-eliminar, la misma propagación de cambios ocurre cuando usted |
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320 fusiona después de renombrar como después de hacer una copia. |
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321 |
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322 Si yo modifico un fichero y usted lo renombra a un nuevo fichero, y |
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323 posteriormente fusionamos nuestros respectivos cambios, mi |
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324 modificación al fichero bajo su nombre original se propagará en el |
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325 fichero con el nuevo nombre. (Es lo que se esperaría que ``simplemente |
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326 funcione,'' |
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327 pero, no todos los sistemas de control de revisiones hacen esto.) |
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328 |
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329 Aunque el hecho de que los cambios sigan la copia es una característica |
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330 respecto a la cual usted puede estar de acuerdo y decir ``si, puede |
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331 ser útil,'' debería ser claro |
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332 que el seguimiento de cambios de un renombramiento es definitivamente |
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333 importante. Sin esto, sería muy sencillo que los cambios se |
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334 quedaran atrás cuando los ficheros se renombran. |
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335 |
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336 \subsection{Cambios de nombre divergentes y fusión} |
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337 |
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338 El caso de renombramiento con nombres divergentes ocurre cuando dos |
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339 desarrolladores comienzan con un fichero---llamémoslo |
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340 \filename{foo}---en sus repositorios respectivos. |
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341 |
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342 \interaction{rename.divergent.clone} |
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343 %TODO we must either change the example's names, and these names, or |
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344 %use the original names. as of now, we keep the old names |
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345 Anne renombra el fichero a \filename{bar}. |
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346 \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.anne} |
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347 Mientras que Bob lo renombra como \filename{quux}. |
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348 \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.bob} |
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349 |
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350 Veo esto como un conflicto porque cada desarrollador ha expresado |
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351 intenciones diferentes acerca de cómo considera debería haberse |
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352 nombrado el fichero. |
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353 |
634 | 354 ¿Qué cree que debería pasar cuando fusionen su trabajo? |
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355 El comportamiento de Mercurial es que siempre preserva \emph{ambos} |
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356 nombres cuando fusiona los conjuntos de cambios que contienen nombres |
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357 divergentes. |
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358 %TODO traducir texto interaccion |
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359 \interaction{rename.divergent.merge} |
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360 |
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361 Tenga en cuenta que Mercurial le advierte acerca de nombres |
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362 divergentes, pero deja que usted decida qué hacer con la divergencia |
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363 después de la fusión. |
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364 |
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365 \subsection{Cambios de nombre convergentes y fusión} |
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366 |
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367 Otra clase de conflicto al cambiar el nombre de ficheros ocurre cuando dos |
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368 personas eligen renombrar diferentes ficheros \emph{fuente} al mismo |
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369 \emph{destino}. En este caso Mercurial aplica su maquinaria de fusión |
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370 usual, y le permite a usted guiar la situación a una resolución adecuada. |
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371 |
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372 \subsection{Otros casos límite relacionados con renombramientos} |
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373 |
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374 Mercurial tiene un fallo de mucho tiempo en el cual no es capaz de |
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375 fusionar cuando por un lado hay un fichero con un nombre dado, |
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376 mientras que en otro hay un directorio con el mismo nombre. Esto está |
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377 documentado como~\bug{29}. |
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378 \interaction{issue29.go} |
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379 |
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380 \section{Recuperarse de equivocaciones} |
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381 |
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382 Mercurial tiene unas órdenes poderosas que le ayudarán a recuperarse |
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383 de equivocaciones comunes. |
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384 |
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385 La orden \hgcmd{revert} le permite deshacer cambios que haya hecho a |
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386 su directorio de trabajo. Por ejemplo, si aplicó \hgcmd{add} a un |
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387 fichero por accidente, ejecute \hgcmd{revert} con el nombre del |
634 | 388 fichero que añadió, y en tanto que el fichero no haya sido tocado de |
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389 forma alguna, no será adicionado, ni seguido por Mercurial. También |
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390 puede usar \hgcmd{revert} para deshacerse de cambios erróneos a un |
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391 fichero. |
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392 |
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393 Tenga en cuenta que la orden \hgcmd{revert} se usa para cambios que no |
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394 han sido consignados. Cuando haya consignado un cambio, si decide que |
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395 era un error, puede hacer algo todavía, pero sus opciones pueden estar |
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396 más limitadas. |
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397 |
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398 Para obtener información acerca de la orden \hgcmd{revert} y detalles |
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399 de cómo tratar con cambios consignados, vea el capítulo~\ref{chap:undo}. |
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400 |
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401 %%% Local Variables: |
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402 %%% mode: latex |
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403 %%% TeX-master: "00book" |
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404 %%% End: |