annotate es/tour-merge.tex @ 783:b15bea650f30

started tour-basic.tex
author Yoshiki Yazawa <yaz@honeyplanet.jp>
date Wed, 03 Jun 2009 18:53:39 +0900
parents 3f32047a3f25
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1 \chapter{Una gira de Mercurial: fusionar trabajo}
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2 \label{chap:tour-merge}
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3
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4 Hasta ahora hemos cubierto cómo clonar un repositorio, hacer cambios,
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5 y jalar o empujar dichos cambios de un repositorio a otro. Nuestro
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6 siguiente paso es \emph{fusionar} cambios de repositorios separados.
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7
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8 % TODO cambié streams por líneas. check please
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9 \section{Fusionar líneas de trabajo}
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10
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11 Fusionar es una parte fundamental de trabajar con una herramienta
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12 de control distribuido de versiones.
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13 \begin{itemize}
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14 \item Alicia y Roberto tienen cada uno una copia personal del
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15 repositorio de un proyecto en el que están trabajando. Alicia
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16 arregla un fallo en su repositorio; Roberto añade una nueva
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17 característica en el suyo. Ambos desean que el repositorio
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18 compartido contenga el arreglo del fallo y la nueva
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19 característica.
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20 \item Frecuentemente trabajo en varias tareas diferentes en un mismo
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21 proyecto al mismo tiempo, cada una aislada convenientemente de las
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22 otras en su propio repositorio. Trabajar de esta manera significa
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23 que a menudo debo fusionar una parte de mi propio trabajo con
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24 otra.
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25 \end{itemize}
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26
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27 Como fusionar es una operación tan necesaria y común, Mercurial la
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28 facilita. Revisemos el proceso. Empezaremos clonando (otro)
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29 % TODO poner interrogante de apertura
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30 repositorio (ve lo seguido que aparecen?) y haciendo un cambio en él.
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31 \interaction{tour.merge.clone}
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32 Ahora deberíamos tener dos copias de \filename{hello.c} con contenidos
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33 diferentes. El historial de los dos repositorios diverge ahora, como
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34 se ilustra en la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:sep-repos}.
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35 \interaction{tour.merge.cat}
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36
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37 \begin{figure}[ht]
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38 \centering
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39 \grafix{tour-merge-sep-repos}
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40 \caption{Historial reciente divergente de los repositorios
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41 \dirname{my-hello} y \dirname{my-new-hello}}
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42 \label{fig:tour-merge:sep-repos}
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43 \end{figure}
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44
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45 Ya sabemos que jalar los cambios desde nuestro repositorio
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46 \dirname{my-hello} no tendrá efecto en el directorio de trabajo.
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47 \interaction{tour.merge.pull}
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48 Sin embargo, el comando \hgcmd{pull} dice algo acerca de
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49 ``frentes''\ndt{El autor se refiere a \emph{heads} aquí.}.
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50
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51 \subsection{Conjuntos de cambios de frentes}
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52
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53 Un frente es un cambio que no tiene descendientes, o hijos, como
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54 también se les conoce. La revisión de punta es, por tanto, un frente,
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55 porque la revisión más reciente en un repositorio no tiene ningún
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56 % TODO cambio en la redacción de la frase, pero espero que conserve el
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57 % sentido. Querido human@, apruebe o corrija :D
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58 hijo. Sin embargo, un repositorio puede contener más de un frente.
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59
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60 \begin{figure}[ht]
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61 \centering
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62 \grafix{tour-merge-pull}
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63 \caption{Contenidos del repositorio después de jalar
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64 \dirname{my-hello} a \dirname{my-new-hello}}
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65 \label{fig:tour-merge:pull}
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66 \end{figure}
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67
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68 En la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:pull} usted puede ver el efecto que
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69 tiene jalar los cambios de \dirname{my-hello} a \dirname{my-new-hello}.
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70 El historial que ya existía en \dirname{my-new-hello} se mantiene
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71 intacto, pero fue añadida una nueva revisión. Refiriéndonos a la
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72 figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:sep-repos}, podemos ver que el \emph{ID del
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73 conjunto de cambios} se mantiene igual en el nuevo repositorio, pero
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74 el \emph{número de revisión} ha cambiado. (Incidentalmente, éste es un
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75 buen ejemplo de porqué no es seguro usar números de revisión cuando se
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76 habla de conjuntos de cambios). Podemos ver los frentes en un
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77 repositorio usando el comando \hgcmd{heads}\ndt{Frentes.}.
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78 \interaction{tour.merge.heads}
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79
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80 \subsection{Hacer la fusión}
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81
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82 % TODO poner interrogante de apertura
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83 Qué pasa si tratamos de usar el comando usual, \hgcmd{update}, para
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84 actualizar el nuevo frente?
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85 \interaction{tour.merge.update}
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86 Mercurial nos indica que el comando \hgcmd{update} no hará la fusión;
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87 no actualizará el directorio de trabajo cuando considera que lo que
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88 deseamos hacer es una fusión, a menos que lo obliguemos a hacerlo.
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89 En vez de \hgcmd{update}, usamos el comando \hgcmd{merge} para hacer
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90 la fusión entre los dos frentes.
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91 \interaction{tour.merge.merge}
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92
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93 \begin{figure}[ht]
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94 \centering
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95 \grafix{tour-merge-merge}
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96 \caption{Directorio de trabajo y repositorio durante la fusión, y
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97 consignación consecuente}
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98 \label{fig:tour-merge:merge}
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99 \end{figure}
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100
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101 Esto actualiza el directorio de trabajo, de tal forma que contenga los
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102 cambios de \emph{ambos} frentes, lo que se ve reflejado tanto en la
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103 salida de \hgcmd{parents} como en los contenidos de \filename{hello.c}.
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104 \interaction{tour.merge.parents}
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105
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106 \subsection{Consignar los resultados de la fusión}
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107
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108 Siempre que hacemos una fusión, \hgcmd{parents} mostrará dos padres
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109 hasta que consignemos (\hgcmd{commit}) los resultados de la fusión.
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110 \interaction{tour.merge.commit}
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111 Ahora tenemos una nueva revisión de punta; note que tiene \emph{los
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112 dos} frentes anteriores como sus padres. Estos son las mismas
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113 revisiones que mostró previamente el comando \hgcmd{parents}.
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114 \interaction{tour.merge.tip}
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115 En la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:merge} usted puede apreciar una
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116 representación de lo que pasa en el directorio de trabajo durante la
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117 fusión cuando se hace la consignación. Durante la fusión, el
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118 directorio de trabajo tiene dos conjuntos de cambios como sus padres,
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119 y éstos se vuelven los padres del nuevo conjunto de cambios.
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120
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121 \section{Fusionar cambios con conflictos}
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122
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123 La mayoría de las fusiones son algo simple, pero a veces usted se
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124 encontrará fusionando cambios donde más de uno de ellos afecta las
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125 mismas secciones de los mismos ficheros. A menos que ambas
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126 modificaciones sean idénticas, el resultado es un \emph{conflicto}, en
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127 donde usted debe decidir cómo reconciliar ambos cambios y producir un
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128 resultado coherente.
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129
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130 \begin{figure}[ht]
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131 \centering
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132 \grafix{tour-merge-conflict}
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133 \caption{Cambios con conflictos a un documento}
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134 \label{fig:tour-merge:conflict}
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135 \end{figure}
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136
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137 La figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:conflict} ilustra un ejemplo con dos
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138 cambios generando conflictos en un documento. Empezamos con una sola
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139 versión del fichero; luego hicimos algunos cambios; mientras tanto,
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140 alguien más hizo cambios diferentes en el mismo texto. Lo que debemos
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141 hacer para resolver el conflicto causado por ambos cambios es decidir
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142 cómo debe quedar finalmente el fichero.
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143
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144 Mercurial no tiene ninguna utilidad integrada para manejar conflictos.
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145 En vez de eso, ejecuta un programa externo llamado \command{hgmerge}.
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146 Es un guión de línea de comandos que es instalado junto con Mercurial;
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147 usted puede modificarlo para que se comporte como usted lo desee. Por
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148 defecto, lo que hace es tratar de encontrar una de varias herramientas
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149 para fusionar que es probable que estén instaladas en su sistema.
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150 Primero se intenta con unas herramientas para fusionar cambios
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151 automáticamente; si esto no tiene éxito (porque la fusión demanda
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152 una guía humana) o dichas herramientas no están presentes, el guión
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153 intenta con herramientas gráficas para fusionar.
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154
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155 También es posible hacer que Mercurial ejecute otro programa o guión
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156 en vez de \command{hgmerge}, definiendo la variable de entorno
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157 \envar{HGMERGE} con el nombre del programa de su preferencia.
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158
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159 \subsection{Usar una herramienta gráfica para fusión}
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160
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161 Mi herramienta favorita para hacer fusiones es \command{kdiff3}, y la
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162 usaré para describir las características comunes de las herramientas
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163 gráficas para hacer fusiones. Puede ver una captura de pantalla de
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164 \command{kdiff3} ejecutándose, en la
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165 figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:kdiff3}. El tipo de fusión que la
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166 herramienta hace se conoce como \emph{fusión de tres vías}, porque hay
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167 tres versiones diferentes del fichero en que estamos interesados.
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168 Debido a esto la herramienta divide la parte superior de la ventana en
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169 tres paneles.
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170 \begin{itemize}
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171 \item A la izquierda está la revisión \emph{base} del fichero, p.ej.~la
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172 versión más reciente de la que descienden las dos versiones que
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173 estamos tratando de fusionar.
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174 \item En la mitad está ``nuestra'' versión del fichero, con las
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175 modificaciones que hemos hecho.
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176 \item A la derecha está la versión del fichero de ``ellos'', la que
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177 forma parte del conjunto de cambios que estamos tratando de
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178 fusionar.
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179 \end{itemize}
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180 En el panel inferior se encuentra el \emph{resultado} actual de la
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181 fusión. Nuestra tarea es reemplazar todo el texto rojo, que muestra
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182 los conflictos sin resolver, con una fusión adecuada de ``nuestra''
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183 versión del fichero y la de ``ellos''.
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184
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185 Los cuatro paneles están \emph{enlazados}; si avanzamos vertical o
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186 horizontalmente en cualquiera de ellos, los otros son actualizados
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187 para mostrar las secciones correspondientes del fichero que tengan
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188 asociado.
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189
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190 \begin{figure}[ht]
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191 \centering
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192 \grafix[width=\textwidth]{kdiff3}
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193 \caption{Usando \command{kdiff3} para fusionar versiones de un
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194 fichero}
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195 \label{fig:tour-merge:kdiff3}
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196 \end{figure}
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197
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198 En cada conflicto del fichero podemos escoger resolverlo usando
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199 cualquier combinación del texto de la revisión base, la nuestra, o la
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200 de ellos. También podemos editar manualmente el fichero en que queda
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201 la fusión, si es necesario hacer cambios adicionales.
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202
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203 Hay \emph{muchas} herramientas para fusionar ficheros disponibles. Se
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204 diferencian en las plataformas para las que están disponibles, y en
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205 sus fortalezas y debilidades particulares. La mayoría están afinadas
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206 para fusionar texto plano, mientras que otras están pensadas para
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207 formatos de ficheros especializados (generalmente XML).
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208
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209 % TODO traduje "worked" como "real"
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210 \subsection{Un ejemplo real}
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211
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212 En este ejemplo, reproduciremos el historial de modificaciones al
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213 fichero de la figura~\ref{fig:tour-merge:conflict} mostrada
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214 anteriormente. Empecemos creando un repositorio con la versión base
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215 de nuestro documento.
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216 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.wife}
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217 Clonaremos el repositorio y haremos un cambio al fichero.
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218 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.cousin}
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219 Y haremos otro clon, para simular a alguien más haciendo un cambio al
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220 mismo fichero. (Esto introduce la idea de que no es tan inusual hacer
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221 fusiones consigo mismo, cuando usted aísla tareas en repositorios
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222 separados, y de hecho encuentra conflictos al hacerlo.)
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223 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.son}
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224 Ahora que tenemos dos versiones diferentes de nuestro fichero,
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225 crearemos un entorno adecuado para hacer la fusión.
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226 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.pull}
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227
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228 En este ejemplo, no usaré el comando normal de Mercurial para hacer la
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229 fusión (\command{hgmerge}), porque lanzaría mi linda herramienta
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230 automatizada para correr ejemplos dentro de una interfaz gráfica de
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231 usuario. En vez de eso, definiré la variable de entorno
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232 \envar{HGMERGE} para indicarle a Mercurial que use el comando
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233 \command{merge}. Este comando forma parte de la instalación base de
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234 muchos sistemas Unix y similares. Si usted está ejecutando este
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235 ejemplo en su computador, no se moleste en definir \envar{HGMERGE}.
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236 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.merge}
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237 Debido a que \command{merge} no puede resolver los conflictos que
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238 aparecen, él deja \emph{marcadores de fusión} en el fichero con
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239 conflictos, indicando si provienen de nuestra versión o de la de
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240 ellos.
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241
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242 Mercurial puede saber ---por el código de salida del comando
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243 \command{merge}--- que no fue posible hacer la fusión exitosamente,
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244 así que nos indica qué comandos debemos ejecutar si queremos rehacer
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245 la fusión. Esto puede ser útil si, por ejemplo, estamos ejecutando una
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246 herramienta gráfica de fusión y salimos de ella porque nos confundimos
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247 o cometimos un error.
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248
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249 Si la fusión ---automática o manual--- falla, no hay nada que nos
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250 impida ``arreglar'' los ficheros afectados por nosotros mismos, y
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251 consignar los resultados de nuestra fusión:
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252 % TODO este mercurial no tiene el comando resolve. Revisar si sigue
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253 % siendo necesario
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254 \interaction{tour-merge-conflict.commit}
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255
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256 \section{Simplificar el ciclo jalar-fusionar-consignar}
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257 \label{sec:tour-merge:fetch}
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258
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259 El proceso de fusionar cambios delineado anteriomente es directo, pero
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260 requiere la ejecución de tres comandos en sucesión.
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261 \begin{codesample2}
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262 hg pull
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263 hg merge
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264 hg commit -m 'Fusionados cambios remotos'
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265 \end{codesample2}
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266 En la consignación final usted debe proveer un mensaje adecuado, que
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267 casi siempre es un fragmento de texto ``de relleno'' carente de valor
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268 particular.
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269
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270 Sería agradable reducir la cantidad de pasos necesarios, si fuera
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271 posible. De hecho, Mercurial es distribuido junto con una extensión
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272 llamada \hgext{fetch}\ndt{Descargar, traer.} que hace precisamente
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273 esto.
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274
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275 Mercurial cuenta con un mecanismo de extensión flexible que le permite
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276 % TODO lets people => permite a usuarios
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277 a sus usuarios extender su funcionalidad, manteniendo el núcleo de
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278 Mercurial pequeño y fácil de manejar. Algunas extensiones añaden
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279 nuevos comandos que usted puede usar desde la línea de comandos,
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280 mientras que otros funcionan ``tras bambalinas'', por ejemplo,
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281 añadiendo funcionalidad al servidor.
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282
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283 La extensión \hgext{fetch} añade un comando llamado, no
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284 sorpresivamente, \hgcmd{fetch}. Esta extensión actúa como una
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285 combinación de \hgcmd{pull}, \hgcmd{update} y \hgcmd{merge}. Empieza
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286 jalando cambios de otro repositorio al repositorio actual. Si
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287 encuentra que los cambios añaden un nuevo frente en el repositorio
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288 actual, inicia una fusión, y luego consigna el resultado de la misma
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289 con un mensaje generado automáticamente. Si no se añadieron nuevos
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290 frentes, actualiza el directorio de trabajo con el nuevo conjunto de
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291 cambios de punta.
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292
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293 Activar la extensión \hgext{fetch} es fácil. Edite su
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294 \sfilename{.hgrc}, y vaya a (o cree) la sección
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295 \rcsection{extensions}. Luego añada una línea que diga simplemente
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296 ``\Verb+fetch +''.
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297 \begin{codesample2}
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298 [extensions]
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299 fetch =
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300 \end{codesample2}
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301 (Normalmente, a la derecha del ``\texttt{=}'' debería aparecer la
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302 ubicación de la extensión, pero como el comando \hgext{fetch} es parte
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303 de la distribución estándar, Mercurial sabe dónde buscarla.)
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304
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305 %%% Local Variables:
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306 %%% mode: latex
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307 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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308 %%% End: