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author Igor TAmara <igor@tamarapatino.org>
date Mon, 03 Nov 2008 08:23:10 -0500
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1 \chapter{Encontrar y arreglar sus equivocaciones}
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2 \label{chap:undo}
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3
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4 Errar es humano, pero tratar adecuadamente las consecuencias requiere
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5 un sistema de control de revisiones de primera categoría. En este
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6 capítulo, discutiremos algunas técnicas que puede usar cuando
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7 encuentra que hay un problema enraizado en su proyecto. Mercurial
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8 tiene unas características poderosas que le ayudarán a isolar las
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9 fuentes de los problemas, y a dar cuenta de ellas apropiadamente.
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10
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11 \section{Borrar la historia local}
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12
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13 \subsection{La consignación accidental}
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14
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15 Tengo el problema ocasional, pero persistente de teclear más rápido de
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16 lo que pienso, que aveces resulta en consignar un conjunto de cambios
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17 incompleto o simplemente malo. En mi caso, el conjunto de cambios
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18 incompleto consiste en que creé un nuevo fichero fuente, pero olvidé
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19 hacerle \hgcmd{add}. Un conjunto de cambios``simplemente malo'' no es
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20 tan común, pero sí resulta muy molesto.
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21
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22 \subsection{Hacer rollback una transacción}
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23 \label{sec:undo:rollback}
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24
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25 En la sección~\ref{sec:concepts:txn}, mencioné que Mercurial trata
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26 modificación a un repositorio como una \emph{transacción}. Cada vez
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27 que consigna un conjunto de cambios o lo jala de otro repositorio,
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28 Mercurial recuerda lo que hizo. Puede deshacer, o hacer \emph{roll back}\ndt{El significado igual que en los
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29 ambientes de sistemas manejadores de bases de datos se refiere a
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30 la atomicidad e integridad al devolver un conjunto de acciones que
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31 permitan dejar el repositorio en un estado consistente previo},
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32 exactamente una de tales acciones usando la orden \hgcmd{rollback}.
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33 (Ver en la sección~\ref{sec:undo:rollback-after-push} una anotación
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34 importante acerca del uso de esta orden.)
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35
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36 A continuación una equivocación que me sucede frecuentemente:
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37 consignar un cambio en el cual he creado un nuevo fichero, pero he
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38 olvidado hacerle \hgcmd{add}.
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39 \interaction{rollback.commit}
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40 La salida de \hgcmd{status} después de la consignación confirma
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41 inmediatamente este error.
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42 \interaction{rollback.status}
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43 La consignación capturó los cambios en el fichero \filename{a}, pero
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44 no el nuevo fichero \filename{b}. Si yo publicara este conjunto de
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45 cambios a un repositorio compartido con un colega, es bastante
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46 probable que algo en \filename{a} se refiriera a \filename{b}, el cual
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47 podría no estar presente cuando jalen mis cambios del repositorio. Me
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48 convertiría el sujeto de cierta indignación.
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49
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50 Como sea, la suerte me acompaña---Encontré mi error antes de publicar
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51 el conjunto de cambios. Uso la orden \hgcmd{rollback}, y Mercurial
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52 hace desaparecer el último conjunto de cambios.
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53 \interaction{rollback.rollback}
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54 El conjunto de cambios ya no está en la historia del repositorio, y el
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55 directorio de trabajo cree que el fichero \filename{a} ha sido
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56 modificado. La consignación y el roll back dejaron el directorio de
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57 trabajo exactamente como estaba antes de la consignación; el conjunto
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58 de cambios ha sido eliminado totlamente. Ahora puedo hacer \hgcmd{add}
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59 al fichero \filename{b}, y hacer de nuevo la consignación.
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60 \interaction{rollback.add}
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61
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62 \subsection{Erroneamente jalado}
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63
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64 Mantener ramas de desarrollo separadas de un proyecto en distintos
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65 repositorios es una práctica común con Mercurial. Su equipo de
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66 desarrollo puede tener un repositorio compartido para la versión ``0.9''
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67 y otra con cambios distintos para la versión ``1.0''.
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68
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69 Con este escenario, puede imaginar las consecuencias si tuviera un
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70 repositorio local ``0.9'', y jalara accidentalmente los cambios del
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71 repositorio compartido de la versión ``1.0'' en este. En el peor de
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72 los casos, por falta de atención, es posible que publique tales
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73 cambios en el árbol compartido ``0.9'', confundiendo a todo su equipo
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74 de trabajo(pero no se preocupe, volveremos a este terrorífico
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75 escenario posteriormente). En todo caso, es muy probable que usted se
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76 de cuenta inmediatamente, dado que Mercurial mostrará el URL de donde
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77 está jalando, o que vea jalando una sospechosa gran cantidad de
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78 cambios en el repositorio.
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79
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80 La orden \hgcmd{rollback} excluirá eficientemente los conjuntos de
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81 cambios que haya acabado de jalar. Mercurial agrupa todos los cambios
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82 de un \hgcmd{pull} a una única transacción y bastará con un
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83 \hgcmd{rollback} para deshacer esta equivocación.
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84
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85 \subsection{Después de publicar, un roll back es futil}
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86 \label{sec:undo:rollback-after-push}
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87
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88 El valor de \hgcmd{rollback} se anula cuando ha publicado sus cambios
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89 a otro repositorio. Un cambio desaparece totalmente al hacer roll back,
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90 pero \emph{solamente} en el repositorio en el cual aplica
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91 \hgcmd{rollback}. Debido a que un roll back elimina la historia,
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92 no hay forma de que la desaparición de un cambio se propague entre
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93 repositorios.
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94
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95 Si ha publicado un cambio en otro repositorio---particularmente si es
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96 un repositorio público---esencialmente está ``en terreno agreste,''
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97 y tendrá que reparar la equivocación de un modo distinto. Lo que
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98 pasará si publica un conjunto de cambios en algún sitio, hacer
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99 rollback y después volver a jalar del repositorio del cual había
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100 publicado, es que el conjunto de cambios reaparecerá en su repositorio.
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101
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102 (Si está absolutamente segruro de que el conjunto de cambios al que
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103 desea hacer rollback es el cambio más reciente del repositorio en el
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104 cual publicó, \emph{y} sabe que nadie más pudo haber jalado de tal
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105 repositorio, puede hacer rollback del conjunto de cambios allí, pero
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106 es mejor no confiar en una solución de este estilo. Si lo hace, tarde
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107 o temprano un conjunto de cambios logrará colarse en un repositorio
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108 que usted no controle directamente(o del cual se ha olvidado), y
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109 volverá a hostigarle.)
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110
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111 \subsection{Solamente hay un roll back}
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112
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113 Mercurial almacena exactamente una transacción en su bitácora de
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114 transacciones; tal transacción es la más reciente de las que haya
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115 ocurrido en el repositorio. Esto significa que solamente puede hacer
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116 roll back a una transacción. Si espera poder hacer roll back a una
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117 transacción después al antecesor, observará que no es el
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118 comportamiento que obtendrá.
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119 \interaction{rollback.twice}
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120 Una vez que haya aplicado un rollback en una transacción a un
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121 repositorio, no podrá volver a hacer rollback hasta que haga una
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122 consignación o haya jalado.
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123
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124 \section{Revertir un cambio equivocado}
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125
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126 Si modifica un fichero y se da cuenta que no quería realmente cambiar
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127 tal fichero, y todavía no ha consignado los cambios, la orden
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128 necesaria es \hgcmd{revert}. Observa el conjunto de cambios padre del
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129 directorio y restaura los contenidos del fichero al estado de tal
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130 conjunto de cambios. (Es una forma larga de decirlo, usualmente
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131 deshace sus modificaciones.)
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132
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133 Ilustremos como actúa la orden \hgcmd{revert} con un ejemplo
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134 pequeño. Comenzaremos modificando un fichero al cual Mercurial ya está
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135 siguiendo.
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136 \interaction{daily.revert.modify}
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137 Si no queremos ese cambio, podemos aplicar \hgcmd{revert} al fichero.
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138 \interaction{daily.revert.unmodify}
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139 La orden \hgcmd{revert} nos brinda un grado adicional de seguridad
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140 guardando nuestro fichero modificado con la extensión \filename{.orig}.
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141 \interaction{daily.revert.status}
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142
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143 Este es un resumen de casos en los cuales la orden \hgcmd{revert} es
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144 de utilidad. Describiremos cada uno de ellos con más detalle en la
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145 sección siguiente.
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146 \begin{itemize}
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147 \item Si usted modifica un fichero, lo restaurará a su estado sin
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148 modificación previo.
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149 \item Si usted hace \hgcmd{add} a un fichero, revertirá el estado de
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150 ``adicionado'' del fichero, pero no lo tocará
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151 \item Si borra un fichero sin decirle a Mercurial, restaurará el
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152 fichero con sus contenidos sin modificación.
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153 \item Si usa la orden \hgcmd{remove} para eliminar un fichero, deshará
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154 el estado ``removido'' del fichero, y lo restaurará con sus
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155 contenidos sin modificación.
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156 \end{itemize}
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157
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158 \subsection{Errores al administrar ficheros}
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159 \label{sec:undo:mgmt}
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160
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161 La orden \hgcmd{revert} es útil para más que ficheros modificados. Le
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162 permite reversar los resultados de todas las órdenes de administración
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163 de ficheros que provee Mercurial---\hgcmd{add}, \hgcmd{remove}, y las
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164 demás.
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165
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166 Si usted hace \hgcmd{add} a un fichero, y no deseaba que Mercurial le
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167 diera seguimiento, use \hgcmd{revert} para deshacer la adición. No se
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168 preocupe; Mercurial no modificará de forma alguna el fichero.
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169 Solamente lo ``desmarcará''.
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170 \interaction{daily.revert.add}
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171
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172 De forma similar, Si le solicita a Mercurial hacer \hgcmd{remove} a un
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173 fichero, puede usar \hgcmd{revert} para restarurarlo a los contenidos
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174 que tenía la revisión padre del directorio de trabajo.
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175 \interaction{daily.revert.remove}
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176 Funciona de la misma manera para un fichero que usted haya eliminado
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177 manualmente, sin decirle a Mercurial (recuerde que en la terminología
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178 de Mercurial esta clase de fichero se llama ``faltante'').
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179 \interaction{daily.revert.missing}
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180
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181 Si usted revierte un \hgcmd{copy}, el fichero a donde se copió
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182 permanece en su directorio de trabajo, pero sin seguimiento. Dado que
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183 una copia no afecta el fichero fuente de copiado de ninguna maner,
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184 Mercurial no hace nada con este.
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185 \interaction{daily.revert.copy}
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186
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187 \subsubsection{Un caso ligeramente especial:revertir un renombramiento}
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188
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189 Si hace \hgcmd{rename} a un fichero, hay un detalle que debe tener en
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190 cuenta. Cuando aplica \hgcmd{revert} a un cambio de nombre, no es
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191 suficiente proveer el nombre del fichero destino, como puede verlo en
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192 el siguiente ejemplo.
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193 \interaction{daily.revert.rename}
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194 Como puede ver en la salida de \hgcmd{status}, el fichero con el nuevo
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195 nombre no se identifica más como agregado, pero el fichero con el
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196 nombre-\emph{inicial} se elimna! Esto es contra-intuitivo (por lo
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197 menos para mí), pero por lo menos es fácil arreglarlo.
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198 \interaction{daily.revert.rename-orig}
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199 Por lo tanto, recuerde, para revertir un \hgcmd{rename}, debe proveer
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200 \emph{ambos} nombres, la fuente y el destino.
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201
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202 % TODO: the output doesn't look like it will be removed!
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203
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204 (A propósito, si elimina un fichero, y modifica el fichero con el
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205 nuevo nombre, al revertir ambos componentes del renombramiento, cuando
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206 Mercurial restaure el fichero que fue eliminado como parte del
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207 renombramiento, no será modificado.
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208 Si necesita que las modificaciones en el archivo destino del
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209 renombramiento se muestren, no olvide copiarlas encima.)
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210
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211 Estos aspectos engorrosos al revertir un renombramiento se constituyen
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212 discutiblemente en un fallo de Mercurial.
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213
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214 \section{Tratar cambios consignados}
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215
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216 Considere un caso en el que ha consignado el cambio $a$, y otro cambio
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217 $b$ sobre este; se ha dado cuenta que el cambio $a$ era
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218 incorrecto. Mercurial le permite ``retroceder'' un conjunto de cambios
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219 completo automáticamente, y construir bloques que le permitan revertir
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220 parte de un conjunto de cambios a mano.
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221
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222 Antes de leer esta sección, hay algo para tener en cuenta: la orden
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223 \hgcmd{backout} deshace cambios \emph{adicionando} a la historia, sin
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224 modificar o borrar. Es la herramienta correcta si está arreglando
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225 fallos, pero no si está tratando de deshacer algún cambio que tiene
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226 consecuencias catastróficas. Para tratar con esos, vea la sección~\ref{sec:undo:aaaiiieee}.
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227
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228 \subsection{Retroceder un conjunto de cambios}
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229
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230 La orden \hgcmd{backout} le permite ``deshacer'' los efectos de todo
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231 un conjunto de cambios de forma automatizada. Dado que la historia de
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232 Mercurial es inmutable, esta orden \emph{no} se deshace del conjunto
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233 de cambios que usted desea deshacer. En cambio, crea un nuevo
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234 conjunto de cambios que \emph{reversa} el conjunto de cambios que
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235 usted indique.
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236
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237 La operación de la orden \hgcmd{backout} es un poco intrincada, y lo
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238 ilustraremos con algunos ejemplos. Primero crearemos un repositorio
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239 con algunos cambios sencillos.
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240 \interaction{backout.init}
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241
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242 La orden \hgcmd{backout} toma un ID de conjunto de cambios como su
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243 argumento; el conjunto de cambios a retroceder. Normalmente
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244 \hgcmd{backout} le ofrecerá un editor de texto para escribir el
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245 mensaje de la consignación, para dejar un registro de por qué está
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246 retrocediendo. En este ejemplo, colocamos un mensaje en la
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247 consignación usando la opción \hgopt{backout}{-m} .
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248
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249 \subsection{Retroceder el conjunto de cambios punta}
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250
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251 Comenzamos retrocediendo el último conjunto de cambios que consignamos.
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252 \interaction{backout.simple}
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253 Puede ver que la segunda línea de \filename{myfile} ya no está
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254 presente. La salida de \hgcmd{log} nos da una idea de lo que la orden
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255 \hgcmd{backout} ha hecho.
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256 \interaction{backout.simple.log}
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257 Vea que el nuevo conjunto de cambios que \hgcmd{backout} ha creado es
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258 un hijo del conjunto de cambios que retrocedimos. Es más sencillo de
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259 ver en la figura~\ref{fig:undo:backout}, que presenta una vista
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260 gráfica de la historia de cambios. Como puede ver, la historia es
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261 bonita y lineal.
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262
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263 \begin{figure}[htb]
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264 \centering
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265 \grafix{undo-simple}
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266 \caption{Retroceso de un cambio con la orden \hgcmd{backout}}
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267 \label{fig:undo:backout}
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268 \end{figure}
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269
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270 \subsection{Retroceso de un cambio que no es la punta}
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271
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272 Si desea retrocede un cambio distinto al último que ha consignado, use
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273 la opción \hgopt{backout}{--merge} a la orden \hgcmd{backout}.
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274 \interaction{backout.non-tip.clone}
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275 Que resulta en un retroceso de un conjunto de cambios ``en un sólo
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276 tiro'', una operación que resulta normalmente rápida y sencilla.
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277 \interaction{backout.non-tip.backout}
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278
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279 Si ve los contenidos del fichero \filename{myfile} después de
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280 finalizar el retroceso, verá que el primer y el tercer cambio están
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281 presentes, pero no el segundo.
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282 \interaction{backout.non-tip.cat}
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283
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284 Como lo muestra la historia gráfica en la
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285 figura~\ref{fig:undo:backout-non-tip}, Mercurial realmente consigna
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286 \emph{dos} cambios en estas situaciones (los nodos encerrados en una
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287 caja son aquellos que Mercurial consigna automaticamente). Antes de
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288 que Mercurial comience el proceso de retroceso, primero recuerda cuál
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289 es el padre del directorio de trabajo. Posteriormente hace un
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290 retroceso al conjunto de cambios objetivo y lo consigna como un
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291 conjunto de cambios. Finalmente, fusiona con el padre anterior del
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292 directorio de trabajo, y consigna el resultado de la fusión.
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293
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294 % TODO: to me it looks like mercurial doesn't commit the second merge automatically!
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295
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296 \begin{figure}[htb]
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297 \centering
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298 \grafix{undo-non-tip}
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299 \caption{Retroceso automatizado de un cambio a algo que no es la punta con la orden \hgcmd{backout}}
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300 \label{fig:undo:backout-non-tip}
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301 \end{figure}
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302
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303 El resultado es que usted termina ``donde estaba'', solamente con un
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304 poco de historia adicional que deshace el efecto de un conjunto de
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305 cambios que usted quería evitar.
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306
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307 \subsubsection{Use siempre la opción \hgopt{backout}{--merge}}
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308
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309 De hecho, dado que la opción \hgopt{backout}{--merge} siempre hara lo
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310 ``correcto'' esté o no retrocediendo el conjunto de cambios punta
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311 (p.e.~no tratará de fusionar si está retrocediendo la punta, dado que
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312 no es necesario), usted debería usar \emph{siempre} esta opción cuando
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313 ejecuta la orden \hgcmd{backout}.
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314
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315 \subsection{Más control sobre el proceso de retroceso}
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316
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317 A pesar de que recomiendo usar siempre la opción
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318 \hgopt{backout}{--merge} cuando está retrocediendo un cambio, la orden
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319 \hgcmd{backout} le permite decidir cómo mezclar un retroceso de un
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320 conjunto de cambios. Es muy extraño que usted necestite tomar control
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321 del proceso de retroceso de forma manual, pero puede ser útil entender
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322 lo que la orden \hgcmd{backout} está haciendo automáticamente para
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323 usted. Para ilustrarlo, clonemos nuestro primer repositorio, pero
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324 omitamos el retroceso que contiene.
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325
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326 \interaction{backout.manual.clone}
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327 Como en el ejemplo anterior, consignaremos un tercer cambio, después
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328 haremos retroceso de su padre, y veremos qué pasa.
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329 \interaction{backout.manual.backout}
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330 Nuestro nuevo conjunto de cambios es de nuevo un descendiente del
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331 conjunto de cambio que retrocedimos; es por lo tanto una nueva cabeza,
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332 \emph{no} un descendiente del conjunto de cambios que era la punta. La
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333 orden \hgcmd{backout} fue muy explícita diciéndolo.
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334 \interaction{backout.manual.log}
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335
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336 De nuevo, es más sencillo lo que pasó viendo una gráfica de la
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337 historia de revisiones, en la figura~\ref{fig:undo:backout-manual}.
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338 Esto nos aclara que cuando usamos \hgcmd{backout} para retroceder un
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339 cambio a algo que no sea la punta, Mercurial añade una nueva cabeza al
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340 repositorio (el cambio que consignó está encerrado en una caja).
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341
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342 \begin{figure}[htb]
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343 \centering
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344 \grafix{undo-manual}
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345 \caption{Retroceso usando la orden \hgcmd{backout}}
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346 \label{fig:undo:backout-manual}
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347 \end{figure}
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348
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349 Después de que la orden \hgcmd{backout} ha terminado, deja un nuevo
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350 conjunto de cambios de ``retroceso'' como el padre del directorio de trabajo.
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351 \interaction{backout.manual.parents}
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352 Ahora tenemos dos conjuntos de cambios aislados.
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353 \interaction{backout.manual.heads}
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354
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355 Reflexionemos acerca de lo que esperamos ver como contenidos de
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356 \filename{myfile}. El primer cambio debería estar presente, porque
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357 nunca le hicimos retroceso. El segundo cambio debió desaparecer,
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358 puesto que es el que retrocedimos. Dado que la gráfica de la historia
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359 muestra que el tercer camlio es una cabeza separada, \emph{no}
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360 esperamos ver el tercer cambio presente en \filename{myfile}.
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361 \interaction{backout.manual.cat}
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362 Para que el tercer cambio esté en el archivo, hacemos una fusión usual
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363 de las dos cabezas.
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364 \interaction{backout.manual.merge}
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365 Después de eso, la historia gráfica de nuestro repositorio luce como
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366 la figura~\ref{fig:undo:backout-manual-merge}.
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367
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368 \begin{figure}[htb]
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369 \centering
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370 \grafix{undo-manual-merge}
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371 \caption{Fusión manual de un retroceso}
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372 \label{fig:undo:backout-manual-merge}
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373 \end{figure}
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374
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375 \subsection{Por qué \hgcmd{backout} hace lo que hace}
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376
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377 Esta es una descripción corta de cómo trabaja la orden \hgcmd{backout}.
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378 \begin{enumerate}
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379 \item Se asegura de que el directorio de trabajo es ``limpio'', esto
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380 es, que la salida de \hgcmd{status} debería ser vacía.
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381 \item Recuerda el padre actual del directorio de trabajo. A este
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382 conjunto de cambio lo llamaremos \texttt{orig}
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383 \item Hace el equivalente de un \hgcmd{update} para sincronizar el
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384 directorio de trabajo con el conjunto de cambios que usted quiere
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385 retroceder. Lo llamaremos \texttt{backout}
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386 \item Encuentra el padre del conjunto de cambios. Lo llamaremos
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387 \texttt{parent}.
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388 \item Para cada archivo del conjunto de cambios que el
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389 \texttt{retroceso} afecte, hará el equivalente a
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390 \hgcmdargs{revert}{-r parent} sobre ese fichero, para restaurarlo a
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391 los contenidos que tenía antes de que el conjunto de cambios fuera
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392 consignado.
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393 \item Se consigna el resultado como un nuevo conjunto de cambios y
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394 tiene a \texttt{backout} como su padre.
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395 \item Si especifica \hgopt{backout}{--merge} en la línea de comandos,
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396 se fusiona con \texttt{orig}, y se consigna el resultado de la
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397 fusión.
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398 \end{enumerate}
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399
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400 Una vía alternativa de implementar la orden \hgcmd{backout} sería usar
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401 \hgcmd{export} sobre el conjunto de cambios a retroceder como un diff
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402 y después usar laa opción \cmdopt{patch}{--reverse} de la orden
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403 \command{patch} para reversar el efecto del cambio sin molestar el
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404 directorio de trabajo. Suena mucho más simple, pero no funcionaría
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diff changeset
405 bien ni de cerca.
442
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406
487
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407 La razón por la cual \hgcmd{backout} hace una actualización, una
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408 consignación, una fusión y otra consignación es para dar a la
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409 maquinaria de fusión la mayor oportunidad de hacer un buen trabajo
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410 cuando se trata con todos los cambios \emph{entre} el cambio que está
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diff changeset
411 retrocediendo y la punta actual.
442
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412
487
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413 Si está retrocediendo un conjunto de cambios que está a unas ~100
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414 atrás en su historia del proyecto, las posibilidades de que una orden
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415 \command{patch} sea capaz de ser aplicada a un diff reverso,
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diff changeset
416 claramente no son altas, porque los cambios que intervienen podrían
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417 ``no coincidir con el contexto'' que \command{patch} usa para
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418 determinar si puede aplicar un parche (si esto suena como cháchara,
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419 vea una discusión de la orden \command{patch} en \ref{sec:mq:patch}).
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420 Adicionalmente, la maquinaria de fusión de Mercurial manejará ficheros
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421 y directorios renombrados, cambios de permisos, y modificaciones a
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422 archivos binarios, nada de lo cual la orden \command{patch} puede manejar.
442
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423
488
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diff changeset
424 \section{Cambios que nunca debieron ocurrir}
442
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425 \label{sec:undo:aaaiiieee}
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426
488
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diff changeset
427 En la mayoría de los casos, la orden \hgcmd{backout} es exactamente lo
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428 que necesita para deshacer los efectos de un cambio. Deja un registro
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429 permanente y exacto de lo que usted hizo, cuando se consignó el
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diff changeset
430 conjunto de cambios original y cuando se hizo la limpieza.
442
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431
488
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432 En ocasiones particulares, puede haber consignado un cambio que no
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433 debería estar de ninguna forma en el repositorio. Por ejemplo, sería
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diff changeset
434 muy inusual, y considerado como una equivocación, consignar los
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435 archivos objeto junto con el código fuente. los ficheros objeto no
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diff changeset
436 tienen valor intrínseco y son \emph{grandes}, por lo tanto aumentan el
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437 tamaño del repositorio y la cantidad de tiempo que se emplea al clonar
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438 o jalar cambios.
442
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439
488
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440 Antes de discutir las opciones que tiene si consignó cambio del tipo
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441 ``bolsa de papel deschable'' (el tipo que es tan malo que le gustaría
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442 colocarse una bolsa de papel desechable en su cabeza), permítame
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diff changeset
443 discutir primero unas aproximaciones que probablemente no funcionen.
442
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444
488
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445 Dado que Mercurial trata de forma acumulativa la historia---cada
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diff changeset
446 cambio se coloca encima de todos los cambios que leo
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diff changeset
447 preceden---usualmente usted no puede hacer que unos cambios desastros
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448 desaparezcan. La única excepción es cuando usted ha acabado de
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449 consignar un cambio y este no ha sido publicado o jalado en otro
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450 repositorio. Ahí es cuando puede usar la orden \hgcmd{rollback} con
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diff changeset
451 seguridad, Como detallé en la sección~\ref{sec:undo:rollback}.
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diff changeset
452
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453 Después de que usted haya publicado un cambio en otro repositorio, usted
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diff changeset
454 \emph{podría} usar la orden \hgcmd{rollback} para hacer que en su copia
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diff changeset
455 local desaparezca el cambio, pero no tendrá las consecuencias que
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456 desea. El cambio estará presente en un repositorio remoto, y
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457 reaparecerá en su repositorio local la próxima vez que jale
442
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458
488
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459 Si una situación como esta se presenta, y usted sabe en qué
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diff changeset
460 repositorios su mal cambio se ha propagado, puede \emph{intentar}
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diff changeset
461 deshacerse del conjunto de cambios de \emph{todos} los repositorios en
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parents: 487
diff changeset
462 los que se pueda encontrar. Esta por supuesto, no es una solución
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463 satisfactoria: si usted deja de hacerlo en un solo repositorio,
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diff changeset
464 mientras esté eliminándolo, el cambio todavía estará ``allí afuera'',
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diff changeset
465 y podría propagarse más tarde.
442
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466
488
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467 Si ha consignado uno o más cambios \emph{después} del cambio que desea
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diff changeset
468 desaparecer, sus opciones son aún más reducidas. Mercurial no provee
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diff changeset
469 una forma de ``cabar un hueco'' en la historia, dejando los conjuntos
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diff changeset
470 de cambios intactos.
442
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471
488
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472 %Dejamos de traducir lo que viene a continuación, porque será
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473 %modificado por upstream...
442
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474
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475 XXX This needs filling out. The \texttt{hg-replay} script in the
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476 \texttt{examples} directory works, but doesn't handle merge
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diff changeset
477 changesets. Kind of an important omission.
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478
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479 \subsection{Protect yourself from ``escaped'' changes}
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480
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diff changeset
481 If you've committed some changes to your local repository and they've
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482 been pushed or pulled somewhere else, this isn't necessarily a
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483 disaster. You can protect yourself ahead of time against some classes
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484 of bad changeset. This is particularly easy if your team usually
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485 pulls changes from a central repository.
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486
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diff changeset
487 By configuring some hooks on that repository to validate incoming
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488 changesets (see chapter~\ref{chap:hook}), you can automatically
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489 prevent some kinds of bad changeset from being pushed to the central
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490 repository at all. With such a configuration in place, some kinds of
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491 bad changeset will naturally tend to ``die out'' because they can't
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492 propagate into the central repository. Better yet, this happens
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493 without any need for explicit intervention.
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diff changeset
494
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495 For instance, an incoming change hook that verifies that a changeset
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496 will actually compile can prevent people from inadvertantly ``breaking
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497 the build''.
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diff changeset
498
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499 \section{Finding the source of a bug}
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500 \label{sec:undo:bisect}
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parents: 432
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501
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diff changeset
502 While it's all very well to be able to back out a changeset that
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503 introduced a bug, this requires that you know which changeset to back
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504 out. Mercurial provides an invaluable command, called
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505 \hgcmd{bisect}, that helps you to automate this process and accomplish
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diff changeset
506 it very efficiently.
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diff changeset
507
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diff changeset
508 The idea behind the \hgcmd{bisect} command is that a changeset has
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diff changeset
509 introduced some change of behaviour that you can identify with a
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510 simple binary test. You don't know which piece of code introduced the
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511 change, but you know how to test for the presence of the bug. The
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512 \hgcmd{bisect} command uses your test to direct its search for the
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513 changeset that introduced the code that caused the bug.
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diff changeset
514
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515 Here are a few scenarios to help you understand how you might apply
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516 this command.
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517 \begin{itemize}
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518 \item The most recent version of your software has a bug that you
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519 remember wasn't present a few weeks ago, but you don't know when it
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diff changeset
520 was introduced. Here, your binary test checks for the presence of
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521 that bug.
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522 \item You fixed a bug in a rush, and now it's time to close the entry
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diff changeset
523 in your team's bug database. The bug database requires a changeset
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diff changeset
524 ID when you close an entry, but you don't remember which changeset
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diff changeset
525 you fixed the bug in. Once again, your binary test checks for the
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diff changeset
526 presence of the bug.
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527 \item Your software works correctly, but runs~15\% slower than the
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diff changeset
528 last time you measured it. You want to know which changeset
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diff changeset
529 introduced the performance regression. In this case, your binary
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diff changeset
530 test measures the performance of your software, to see whether it's
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diff changeset
531 ``fast'' or ``slow''.
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diff changeset
532 \item The sizes of the components of your project that you ship
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533 exploded recently, and you suspect that something changed in the way
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534 you build your project.
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535 \end{itemize}
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diff changeset
536
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diff changeset
537 From these examples, it should be clear that the \hgcmd{bisect}
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538 command is not useful only for finding the sources of bugs. You can
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539 use it to find any ``emergent property'' of a repository (anything
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540 that you can't find from a simple text search of the files in the
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541 tree) for which you can write a binary test.
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diff changeset
542
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diff changeset
543 We'll introduce a little bit of terminology here, just to make it
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544 clear which parts of the search process are your responsibility, and
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545 which are Mercurial's. A \emph{test} is something that \emph{you} run
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
546 when \hgcmd{bisect} chooses a changeset. A \emph{probe} is what
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
547 \hgcmd{bisect} runs to tell whether a revision is good. Finally,
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
548 we'll use the word ``bisect'', as both a noun and a verb, to stand in
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
549 for the phrase ``search using the \hgcmd{bisect} command.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
550
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
551 One simple way to automate the searching process would be simply to
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
552 probe every changeset. However, this scales poorly. If it took ten
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diff changeset
553 minutes to test a single changeset, and you had 10,000 changesets in
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
554 your repository, the exhaustive approach would take on average~35
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
555 \emph{days} to find the changeset that introduced a bug. Even if you
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jerojasro@localhost
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556 knew that the bug was introduced by one of the last 500 changesets,
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
557 and limited your search to those, you'd still be looking at over 40
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
558 hours to find the changeset that introduced your bug.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
559
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
560 What the \hgcmd{bisect} command does is use its knowledge of the
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
561 ``shape'' of your project's revision history to perform a search in
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
562 time proportional to the \emph{logarithm} of the number of changesets
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
563 to check (the kind of search it performs is called a dichotomic
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
564 search). With this approach, searching through 10,000 changesets will
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
565 take less than three hours, even at ten minutes per test (the search
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
566 will require about 14 tests). Limit your search to the last hundred
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
567 changesets, and it will take only about an hour (roughly seven tests).
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diff changeset
568
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
569 The \hgcmd{bisect} command is aware of the ``branchy'' nature of a
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jerojasro@localhost
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570 Mercurial project's revision history, so it has no problems dealing
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jerojasro@localhost
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571 with branches, merges, or multiple heads in a repoository. It can
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jerojasro@localhost
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572 prune entire branches of history with a single probe, which is how it
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jerojasro@localhost
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573 operates so efficiently.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
574
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
575 \subsection{Using the \hgcmd{bisect} command}
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jerojasro@localhost
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576
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
577 Here's an example of \hgcmd{bisect} in action.
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jerojasro@localhost
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578
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
579 \begin{note}
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jerojasro@localhost
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580 In versions 0.9.5 and earlier of Mercurial, \hgcmd{bisect} was not a
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jerojasro@localhost
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581 core command: it was distributed with Mercurial as an extension.
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jerojasro@localhost
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582 This section describes the built-in command, not the old extension.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
583 \end{note}
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jerojasro@localhost
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584
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
585 Now let's create a repository, so that we can try out the
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jerojasro@localhost
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586 \hgcmd{bisect} command in isolation.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
587 \interaction{bisect.init}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
588 We'll simulate a project that has a bug in it in a simple-minded way:
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jerojasro@localhost
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589 create trivial changes in a loop, and nominate one specific change
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590 that will have the ``bug''. This loop creates 35 changesets, each
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jerojasro@localhost
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591 adding a single file to the repository. We'll represent our ``bug''
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jerojasro@localhost
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592 with a file that contains the text ``i have a gub''.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
593 \interaction{bisect.commits}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
594
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
595 The next thing that we'd like to do is figure out how to use the
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
596 \hgcmd{bisect} command. We can use Mercurial's normal built-in help
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
597 mechanism for this.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
598 \interaction{bisect.help}
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jerojasro@localhost
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599
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
600 The \hgcmd{bisect} command works in steps. Each step proceeds as follows.
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jerojasro@localhost
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601 \begin{enumerate}
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jerojasro@localhost
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602 \item You run your binary test.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
603 \begin{itemize}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
604 \item If the test succeeded, you tell \hgcmd{bisect} by running the
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605 \hgcmdargs{bisect}{good} command.
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diff changeset
606 \item If it failed, run the \hgcmdargs{bisect}{--bad} command.
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607 \end{itemize}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
608 \item The command uses your information to decide which changeset to
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jerojasro@localhost
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609 test next.
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610 \item It updates the working directory to that changeset, and the
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jerojasro@localhost
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611 process begins again.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
612 \end{enumerate}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
613 The process ends when \hgcmd{bisect} identifies a unique changeset
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
614 that marks the point where your test transitioned from ``succeeding''
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
615 to ``failing''.
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diff changeset
616
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
617 To start the search, we must run the \hgcmdargs{bisect}{--reset} command.
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618 \interaction{bisect.search.init}
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jerojasro@localhost
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619
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
620 In our case, the binary test we use is simple: we check to see if any
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jerojasro@localhost
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621 file in the repository contains the string ``i have a gub''. If it
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622 does, this changeset contains the change that ``caused the bug''. By
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diff changeset
623 convention, a changeset that has the property we're searching for is
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624 ``bad'', while one that doesn't is ``good''.
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jerojasro@localhost
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625
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
626 Most of the time, the revision to which the working directory is
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627 synced (usually the tip) already exhibits the problem introduced by
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628 the buggy change, so we'll mark it as ``bad''.
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diff changeset
629 \interaction{bisect.search.bad-init}
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diff changeset
630
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
631 Our next task is to nominate a changeset that we know \emph{doesn't}
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632 have the bug; the \hgcmd{bisect} command will ``bracket'' its search
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633 between the first pair of good and bad changesets. In our case, we
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634 know that revision~10 didn't have the bug. (I'll have more words
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635 about choosing the first ``good'' changeset later.)
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
636 \interaction{bisect.search.good-init}
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diff changeset
637
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diff changeset
638 Notice that this command printed some output.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
639 \begin{itemize}
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jerojasro@localhost
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640 \item It told us how many changesets it must consider before it can
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641 identify the one that introduced the bug, and how many tests that
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jerojasro@localhost
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642 will require.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
643 \item It updated the working directory to the next changeset to test,
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644 and told us which changeset it's testing.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
645 \end{itemize}
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diff changeset
646
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
647 We now run our test in the working directory. We use the
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jerojasro@localhost
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648 \command{grep} command to see if our ``bad'' file is present in the
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jerojasro@localhost
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649 working directory. If it is, this revision is bad; if not, this
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650 revision is good.
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diff changeset
651 \interaction{bisect.search.step1}
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diff changeset
652
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diff changeset
653 This test looks like a perfect candidate for automation, so let's turn
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654 it into a shell function.
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655 \interaction{bisect.search.mytest}
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diff changeset
656 We can now run an entire test step with a single command,
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jerojasro@localhost
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657 \texttt{mytest}.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
658 \interaction{bisect.search.step2}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
659 A few more invocations of our canned test step command, and we're
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660 done.
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diff changeset
661 \interaction{bisect.search.rest}
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diff changeset
662
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
663 Even though we had~40 changesets to search through, the \hgcmd{bisect}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
664 command let us find the changeset that introduced our ``bug'' with
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
665 only five tests. Because the number of tests that the \hgcmd{bisect}
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666 command performs grows logarithmically with the number of changesets to
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667 search, the advantage that it has over the ``brute force'' search
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668 approach increases with every changeset you add.
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669
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
670 \subsection{Cleaning up after your search}
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diff changeset
671
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diff changeset
672 When you're finished using the \hgcmd{bisect} command in a
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673 repository, you can use the \hgcmdargs{bisect}{reset} command to drop
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diff changeset
674 the information it was using to drive your search. The command
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jerojasro@localhost
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675 doesn't use much space, so it doesn't matter if you forget to run this
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jerojasro@localhost
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676 command. However, \hgcmd{bisect} won't let you start a new search in
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jerojasro@localhost
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677 that repository until you do a \hgcmdargs{bisect}{reset}.
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
678 \interaction{bisect.search.reset}
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
679
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diff changeset
680 \section{Tips for finding bugs effectively}
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681
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diff changeset
682 \subsection{Give consistent input}
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diff changeset
683
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diff changeset
684 The \hgcmd{bisect} command requires that you correctly report the
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685 result of every test you perform. If you tell it that a test failed
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jerojasro@localhost
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686 when it really succeeded, it \emph{might} be able to detect the
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687 inconsistency. If it can identify an inconsistency in your reports,
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diff changeset
688 it will tell you that a particular changeset is both good and bad.
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diff changeset
689 However, it can't do this perfectly; it's about as likely to report
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diff changeset
690 the wrong changeset as the source of the bug.
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diff changeset
691
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
692 \subsection{Automate as much as possible}
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jerojasro@localhost
parents: 432
diff changeset
693
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
694 When I started using the \hgcmd{bisect} command, I tried a few times
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
695 to run my tests by hand, on the command line. This is an approach
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
696 that I, at least, am not suited to. After a few tries, I found that I
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
697 was making enough mistakes that I was having to restart my searches
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jerojasro@localhost
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diff changeset
698 several times before finally getting correct results.
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diff changeset
699
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diff changeset
700 My initial problems with driving the \hgcmd{bisect} command by hand
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701 occurred even with simple searches on small repositories; if the
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diff changeset
702 problem you're looking for is more subtle, or the number of tests that
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diff changeset
703 \hgcmd{bisect} must perform increases, the likelihood of operator
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diff changeset
704 error ruining the search is much higher. Once I started automating my
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diff changeset
705 tests, I had much better results.
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diff changeset
706
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diff changeset
707 The key to automated testing is twofold:
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diff changeset
708 \begin{itemize}
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diff changeset
709 \item always test for the same symptom, and
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diff changeset
710 \item always feed consistent input to the \hgcmd{bisect} command.
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711 \end{itemize}
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712 In my tutorial example above, the \command{grep} command tests for the
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713 symptom, and the \texttt{if} statement takes the result of this check
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714 and ensures that we always feed the same input to the \hgcmd{bisect}
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715 command. The \texttt{mytest} function marries these together in a
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716 reproducible way, so that every test is uniform and consistent.
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717
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718 \subsection{Check your results}
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719
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720 Because the output of a \hgcmd{bisect} search is only as good as the
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721 input you give it, don't take the changeset it reports as the
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722 absolute truth. A simple way to cross-check its report is to manually
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723 run your test at each of the following changesets:
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724 \begin{itemize}
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725 \item The changeset that it reports as the first bad revision. Your
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726 test should still report this as bad.
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727 \item The parent of that changeset (either parent, if it's a merge).
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728 Your test should report this changeset as good.
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729 \item A child of that changeset. Your test should report this
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730 changeset as bad.
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731 \end{itemize}
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732
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733 \subsection{Beware interference between bugs}
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734
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735 It's possible that your search for one bug could be disrupted by the
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736 presence of another. For example, let's say your software crashes at
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737 revision 100, and worked correctly at revision 50. Unknown to you,
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738 someone else introduced a different crashing bug at revision 60, and
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739 fixed it at revision 80. This could distort your results in one of
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740 several ways.
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741
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742 It is possible that this other bug completely ``masks'' yours, which
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743 is to say that it occurs before your bug has a chance to manifest
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744 itself. If you can't avoid that other bug (for example, it prevents
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745 your project from building), and so can't tell whether your bug is
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746 present in a particular changeset, the \hgcmd{bisect} command cannot
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747 help you directly. Instead, you can mark a changeset as untested by
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748 running \hgcmdargs{bisect}{--skip}.
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749
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750 A different problem could arise if your test for a bug's presence is
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751 not specific enough. If you check for ``my program crashes'', then
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752 both your crashing bug and an unrelated crashing bug that masks it
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753 will look like the same thing, and mislead \hgcmd{bisect}.
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754
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diff changeset
755 Another useful situation in which to use \hgcmdargs{bisect}{--skip} is
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756 if you can't test a revision because your project was in a broken and
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757 hence untestable state at that revision, perhaps because someone
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758 checked in a change that prevented the project from building.
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759
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760 \subsection{Bracket your search lazily}
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761
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762 Choosing the first ``good'' and ``bad'' changesets that will mark the
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763 end points of your search is often easy, but it bears a little
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764 discussion nevertheless. From the perspective of \hgcmd{bisect}, the
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765 ``newest'' changeset is conventionally ``bad'', and the older
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766 changeset is ``good''.
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767
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diff changeset
768 If you're having trouble remembering when a suitable ``good'' change
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769 was, so that you can tell \hgcmd{bisect}, you could do worse than
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770 testing changesets at random. Just remember to eliminate contenders
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771 that can't possibly exhibit the bug (perhaps because the feature with
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772 the bug isn't present yet) and those where another problem masks the
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773 bug (as I discussed above).
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774
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775 Even if you end up ``early'' by thousands of changesets or months of
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776 history, you will only add a handful of tests to the total number that
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777 \hgcmd{bisect} must perform, thanks to its logarithmic behaviour.
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778
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779 %%% Local Variables:
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780 %%% mode: latex
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781 %%% TeX-master: "00book"
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782 %%% End: