annotate DOCS/tech/mpcf.txt @ 17722:6aa7f7e427a0

slightly better max_distance rule

========================================
NUT Open Container Format DRAFT 20060207
========================================



Intro:
======

Features / goals:
    (supported by the format, not necessarily by a specific implementation)

Simple
    use the same encoding for nearly all fields
    simple decoding, so slow CPUs (and embedded systems) can handle it

Extendible
    no limit for the possible values of all fields (using universal vlc)
    allow adding of new headers in the future
    allow adding more fields at the end of headers

Compact
    ~0.2% overhead, for normal bitrates
    index is <100kb per hour
    a usual header for a file is about 100 bytes (audio + video headers together)
    a packet header is about ~1-5 bytes

Error resistant
    seeking / playback without an index
    headers & index can be repeated
    damaged files can be played back with minimal data loss and fast
    resync times



Definitions:
============

MUST    the specific part must be done to conform to this standard
SHOULD  it is recommended to be done that way, but not strictly required



Syntax:
=======

Since NUT heavily uses variable length fields, the simplest way to describe it
is using a pseudocode approach.



Conventions:
============

The data types have a name, used in the bitstream syntax description, a short
text description and a pseudocode (functional) definition, optional notes may
follow:

name    (text description)
    functional definition
    [Optional notes]

The bitstream syntax elements have a tagname and a functional definition, they
are presented in a bottom up approach, again optional notes may follow and
are reproduced in the tag description:

name:    (optional note)
    functional definition
    [Optional notes]

The in-depth tag description follows the bitstream syntax.
The functional definition has a C-like syntax.



Type definitions:
=================

f(n)    (n fixed bits in big-endian order)
u(n)    (unsigned number encoded in n bits in MSB-first order)

v   (variable length value, unsigned)
    value=0
    do{
        more_data                       u(1)
        data                            u(7)
        value= 128*value + data
    }while(more_data)

s   (variable length value, signed)
    temp                                v
    temp++
    if(temp&1) value= -(temp>>1)
    else       value=  (temp>>1)

b   (binary data or string, to be use in vb, see below)
    for(i=0; i<length; i++){
        data[i]                         u(8)
    }
    [Note: strings MUST be encoded in UTF-8]

vb  (variable length binary data or string)
    length                              v
    value                               b



Bitstream syntax:
=================

Common elements:
----------------

reserved_bytes:
    for(i=0; i<forward_ptr - length_of_non_reserved; i++)
        reserved                        u(8)
    [a demuxer MUST ignore any reserved bytes
    a muxer MUST NOT write any reserved bytes, as this would make it
    impossible to add new fields at the end of packets in the future
    in a compatible way]

        Headers:

main header:
    version                             v
    stream_count                        v
    max_distance                        v
    tmp_pts=0
    tmp_mul=1
    tmp_stream=0
    for(i=0; i<256; ){
        tmp_flag                        v
        tmp_fields                      v
        if(tmp_fields>0) tmp_pts        s
        if(tmp_fields>1) tmp_mul        v
        if(tmp_fields>2) tmp_stream     v
        if(tmp_fields>3) tmp_size       v
        else tmp_size=0
        if(tmp_fields>4) tmp_res        v
        else tmp_res=0
        if(tmp_fields>5) count          v
        else count= tmp_mul - tmp_size
        for(j=6; j<tmp_fields; j++){
            tmp_reserved[i]             v
        }
        for(j=0; j<count && i<256; j++, i++){
            if (i == 'N') {
                flags[i]= FLAG_INVALID;
                j--;
                continue;
            }
            flags[i]= tmp_flag;
            stream_id_plus1[i]= tmp_stream;
            data_size_mul[i]= tmp_mul;
            data_size_lsb[i]= tmp_size + j;
            pts_delta[i]= tmp_pts;
            reserved_count[i]= tmp_res;
        }
    }

stream_header:
    stream_id                           v
    stream_class                        v
    fourcc                              vb
    time_base_nom                       v
    time_base_denom                     v
    msb_pts_shift                       v
    max_pts_distance                    v
    decode_delay                        v
    reserved                            u(7)
    fixed_fps                           u(1)
    codec_specific_data                 vb
    if(stream_class == video){
        width                           v
        height                          v
        sample_width                    v
        sample_height                   v
        colorspace_type                 v
    }else if(stream_class == audio){
        samplerate_nom                  v
        samplerate_denom                v
        channel_count                   v
    }

        Basic Packets:

frame:
    frame_code                          f(8)
    if(stream_id_plus1[frame_code]==0){
        stream_id                       v
    }
    if(pts_delta[frame_code]==0){
        coded_pts                       v
    }
    frame_flags= flags[frame_code]
    if(frame_flags&FLAG_CODED){
        coded_flags                     v
        frame_flags ^= coded_flags
    }
    if(frame_flags&FLAG_SIZE_MSB){
        data_size_msb                   v
    }
    for(i=0; i<reserved_count[frame_code]; i++)
        reserved                        v
    if(frame_flagsFLAG_CHECKSUM){
        checksum                        u(32)
    }
    data

index:
    max_pts                             v
    syncpoints                          v
    for(i=0; i<syncpoints; i++){
        syncpoint_pos_div8              v
    }
    for(i=0; i<stream_count; i++){
        last_pts= -1
        for(j=0; j<syncpoints; ){
            x                           v
            type= x & 1
            x>>=1
            n=j
            if(type){
                flag= x & 1
                x>>=1
                while(x--)
                    has_keyframe[n++][i]=flag
                has_keyframe[n++][i]=!flag;
            }else{
                while(x != 1){
                    has_keyframe[n++][i]=x&1;
                    x>>=1;
                }
            }
            for(; j<n && j<syncpoints; j++){
                if (!has_keyframe[j][i]) continue
                A                           v
                if(!A){
                    A                       v
                    B                       v
                    eor_pts[j][i] = last_pts + A + B
                }else
                    B=0
                keyframe_pts[j][i] = last_pts + A
                last_pts += A + B
            }
        }
    }

info_packet:
    stream_id_plus1                     v
    chapter_id                          v
    chapter_start                       v
    chapter_len                         v
    count                               v
    for(i=0; i<count; i++){
        name                            vb
        value                           s
        if (value==-1){
            type= "UTF-8"
            value                       vb
        }else if (value==-2){
            type                        vb
            value                       vb
        }else if (value==-3){
            type= "s"
            value                       s
        }else if (value<-3){
            type= "r"
            value.den= -value-3
            value.num                   s
        }else{
            type= "v"
        }
    }

info_frame:
    info_packet
    packet_footer

syncpoint:
    coded_pts                           v
    stream = coded_pts % stream_count
    global_key_pts = coded_pts/stream_count
    back_ptr_div8                       v

            Complete definition:

file:
    file_id_string
    while(bytes_left > 8){
        if(next_byte == 'N'){
            startcode                           f(64)
            forward_ptr                         v
            switch(startcode){
                case      main_startcode:  main_header; break;
                case    stream_startcode:stream_header; break;
                case      info_startcode:  info_packet; break;
                case     index_startcode:        index; break;
                case syncpoint_startcode:    syncpoint; break;
            }
            reserved_bytes
            checksum                    u(32)
        }else
            frame
    }
    index_ptr                           u(64)

the structure of a undamaged file should look like the following, but
demuxers should be flexible and be able to deal with damaged headers so the
above is a better loop in practice (not to mention its simpler)
note, demuxers MUST be able to deal with new and unknown headers

packet_header
        startcode                               f(64)
        forward_ptr                             v

packet_footer
        reserved_bytes
        checksum                                u(32)

reserved_headers
    while(next_byte == 'N' && next_code !=      main_startcode
                           && next_code !=    stream_startcode
                           && next_code !=      info_startcode
                           && next_code !=     index_startcode
                           && next_code != syncpoint_startcode){
        packet_header
        packet_footer
    }

file:
    file_id_string
    while(bytes_left > 8){
        packet_header, main_header, packet_footer
        reserved_headers
        for(i=0; i<stream_count; i++){
            packet_header, stream_header, packet_footer
            reserved_headers
        }
        while(next_code == info_startcode){
            packet_header, info_packet, packet_footer
            reserved_headers
        }
        while(next_code == index_startcode){
            packet_header, index_packet, packet_footer
            reserved_headers
        }
        if (bytes_left > 8) while(next_code != main_startcode){
            if(next_code == syncpoint_startcode){
                packet_header, syncpoint, packet_footer
            }
            frame
            reserved_headers
        }
    }
    index_ptr                           u(64)


Tag description:
----------------

file_id_string
    "nut/multimedia container\0"

*_startcode
        all startcodes start with 'N'

main_startcode
    0x7A561F5F04ADULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'M')<<48)

stream_starcode
    0x11405BF2F9DBULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'S')<<48)

syncpoint_startcode
    0xE4ADEECA4569ULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'K')<<48)

index_startcode
    0xDD672F23E64EULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'X')<<48)

info_startcode
    0xAB68B596BA78ULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'I')<<48)

version
    NUT version. The current value is 2.

forward_ptr
    size of the packet data (exactly the distance from the first byte
    after the forward_ptr to the first byte of the next packet)

max_distance
    max distance of syncpoints, the distance may only be larger if
    there is no more than a single frame between the two syncpoints. This can
    be used by the demuxer to detect damaged frame headers if the damage
    results in too long of a chain

    syncpoints SHOULD be placed immediately before a keyframe if the
    previous frame of the same stream was a non-keyframe, unless such
    non-keyframe - keyframe transitions are very frequent

    SHOULD be set to <=32768
    if the stored value is >65536 then max_distance MUST be set to 65536

max_pts_distance
    max absoloute difference of pts of new frame from last_pts in the
    timebase of the stream, without a checksum after the frameheader
    Note that last_pts is not necessarily the pts of the last frame
    on the same stream, as it is altered by syncpoint timestamps.

stream_id
    Stream identifier
    stream_id MUST be < stream_count

stream_class
    0    video
    1    audio
    2    subtiles
    3    metadata
    4    userdata
    in metadata streams each frame contains exactly one info frame
    Note: the remaining values are reserved and MUST NOT be used
          a demuxer MUST ignore streams with reserved classes

fourcc
    identification for the codec
    example: "H264"
    MUST contain 2 or 4 bytes, note, this might be increased in the future
    if needed

time_base_nom / time_base_denom = time_base
    the length of a timer tick in seconds, this MUST be equal to the 1/fps
    if fixed_fps is 1
    time_base_nom and time_base_denom MUST NOT be 0
    time_base_nom and time_base_denom MUST be relatively prime
    time_base_denom MUST be < 2^31
    examples:
        fps       time_base_nom    time_base_denom
        30        1                30
        29.97     1001             30000
        23.976    1001             24000

convert_ts
    To switch from 2 different timebases, the following calculation is
    defined:

    ln        = from_time_base_nom*to_time_base_denom
    sn        = from_timestamp
    d1        = from_time_base_denom
    d2        = to_time_base_nom
    timestamp = (ln/d1*sn + ln%d1*sn/d1)/d2
    Note: this calculation MUST be done with unsigned 64 bit integers, and
    is equivalent to (ln*sn)/(d1*d2) but this would require a 96bit integer

compare_ts
    Compares timestamps from 2 different timebases,
    if a is before b then compare_ts(a, b) = -1
    if a is after  b then compare_ts(a, b) =  1
    else                  compare_ts(a, b) =  0

    Care must be taken that this is done exactly with no rounding errors,
    simply casting to float or double and doing the obvious
    a*timebase > b*timebase is not compliant or correct, neither is the
    same with integers, and
    a*a_timebase.num*b_timebase.den > b*b_timebase.num*a_timebase.den
    will overflow. One possible implementation which shouldn't overflow
    within the range of legal timestamps and timebases is:

    if (convert_ts(a, a_timebase, b_timebase) < b) return -1;
    if (convert_ts(b, b_timebase, a_timebase) < a) return  1;
    return 0;

msb_pts_shift
    amount of bits in lsb_pts
    MUST be <16

decode_delay
    maximum time between input and output for a codec, used to generate
    dts from pts
    is set to 0 for streams without B-frames, and set to 1 for streams with
    B-frames, may be larger for future codecs
    decode_delay MUST NOT be set higher than necessary for a codec.

fixed_fps
    1 indicates that the fps is fixed

codec_specific_data
    private global data for a codec (could be huffman tables or ...)

frame_code
    the meaning of this byte is stored in the main header
    the value 78 ('N') is forbidden to ensure that the byte is always
    different from the first byte of any startcode

flags[frame_code], frame_flags
    Bit  Name             Description
      1  FLAG_SIZE_MSB    if set, data_size_msb is at frame header,
                          otherwise data_size_msb is 0
      2  FLAG_CHECKSUM    if set then the frame header contains a checksum
      4  FLAG_KEY         if set, frame is keyframe
      8  FLAG_EOR         if set, stream has no relevance on
                          presentation. (EOR)
    256  FLAG_CODED       if set, coded_flags are stored in the frame header.
    512  FLAG_INVALID     if set, frame_code is invalid.

    EOR frames MUST be zero-length and must be set keyframe.
    All streams SHOULD end with EOR, where the pts of the EOR indicates the
    end presentation time of the final frame.
    An EOR set stream is unset by the first content frames.
    EOR can only be unset in streams with zero decode_delay .
    has_checksum must be set if the frame is larger then 2*max_distance or its
    pts differs by more then max_pts_distance from the last frame

stream_id_plus1[frame_code]
    must be <250
    if it is 0, then the stream_id is coded in the frame

data_size_mul[frame_code]
    must be <16384

data_size_lsb[frame_code]
    must be <16384

pts_delta[frame_code]
    must be <16384 and >-16384

reserved_count[frame_code]
    must be <256

data_size
    data_size= data_size_lsb + data_size_msb*data_size_mul;

coded_pts
    if coded_pts < (1<<msb_pts_shift) then it is an lsb
    pts, otherwise it is a full pts + (1<<msb_pts_shift)
    lsb pts is converted to a full pts by:
    mask  = (1<<msb_pts_shift)-1;
    delta = last_pts - mask/2
    pts   = ((pts_lsb-delta)&mask) + delta

lsb_pts
    least significant bits of the pts in time_base precision
        Example: IBBP display order
        keyframe pts=0                       -> pts=0
        frame                    lsb_pts=3   -> pts=3
        frame                    lsb_pts=1   -> pts=1
        frame                    lsb_pts=2   -> pts=2
        ...
        keyframe msb_pts=257                 -> pts=257
        frame                    lsb_pts=255 -> pts=255
        frame                    lsb_pts=0   -> pts=256
        frame                    lsb_pts=4   -> pts=260
        frame                    lsb_pts=2   -> pts=258
        frame                    lsb_pts=3   -> pts=259
    all pts's of keyframes of a single stream MUST be monotone

dts
    dts is calculated by using a decode_delay+1 sized buffer for each
    stream, into which the current pts is inserted and the element with
    the smallest value is removed, this is then the current dts
    this buffer is initalized with decode_delay -1 elements

    Pts of all frames in all streams MUST be bigger or equal to dts of all
    previous frames in all streams, compared in common timebase. (EOR
    frames are NOT exempt from this rule)

width/height
    MUST be set to the coded width/height, MUST not be 0

sample_width/sample_height (aspect ratio)
    sample_width is the horizontal distance between samples
    sample_width and sample_height MUST be relatively prime if not zero
    MUST be 0 if unknown

colorspace_type
     0    unknown
     1    ITU Rec 624 / ITU Rec 601 Y range: 16..235 Cb/Cr range: 16..240
     2    ITU Rec 709               Y range: 16..235 Cb/Cr range: 16..240
    17    ITU Rec 624 / ITU Rec 601 Y range:  0..255 Cb/Cr range:  0..255
    18    ITU Rec 709               Y range:  0..255 Cb/Cr range:  0..255

samplerate_nom / samplerate_denom = samplerate
    the number of samples per second, MUST not be 0

crc32 checksum
    Generator polynomial is 0x104C11DB7. Starting value is zero.

checksum
    crc32 checksum
    checksum is calculated for the area pointed to by forward_ptr not
    including the checksum itself (from first byte after the
    forward_ptr until last byte before the checksum).
    for frame headers the checksum contains the framecode byte and all
    following bytes upto the checksum itself

Syncpoint tags:
---------------

back_ptr_div8
    back_ptr = back_ptr_div8 * 8 + 7
    back_ptr must point to a position within 8 bytes of a syncpoint
    startcode. This syncpoint MUST be the closest syncpoint such that at
    least one keyframe with a pts lower or equal to the original syncpoint's
    global_key_pts for all streams lies between it and the current syncpoint.

    A stream where EOR is set is to be ignored for back_ptr.

global_key_pts
    After a syncpoint, last_pts of each stream is to be set to:
    last_pts[i] = convert_ts(global_key_pts, timebase[stream], timebase[i])

    global_key_pts MUST be bigger or equal to dts of all past frames across
    all streams, and smaller or equal to pts of all future frames.

Index tags:
-----------

max_pts
    s = max_pts % stream_count
    pts = max_pts / stream_count
    The highest pts in the entire file in the timebase of stream 's' .

syncpoint_pos_div8
    offset from begginning of file to up to 7 bytes before the syncpoint
    referred to in this index entry. Relative to position of last
    syncpoint.

has_keyframe
    indicates whether this stream has a keyframe between this syncpoint and
    the last syncpoint.

keyframe_pts
    The pts of the first keyframe for this stream in the region between the
    2 syncpoints, in the stream's timebase. (EOR frames are also keyframes)

eor_pts
    Coded only if EOR is set at the position of the syncpoint. The pts of
    that EOR. EOR is unset by the first keyframe after it.

index_ptr
    absolute location in the file of the first byte of the startcode of the 
    first index packet, or 0 if there is no index

Info tags:
----------

stream_id_plus1
    Stream this info packet applies to. If zero, packet applies to whole
    file.

chapter_id
    Id of chapter this packet applies to. If zero, packet applies to whole
    file. Positive chapter_id's are real chapters and MUST NOT overlap.
    Negative chapter_id indicate a sub region of file and not a real
    chapter. chapter_id MUST be unique to the region it represents.
    chapter_id n MUST not be used unless there are at least n chapters in the
    file

chapter_start
    s= chapter_start % stream_count
    timestamp= chapter_start / stream_count
    timestamp of start of chapter in timebase of stream 's'.

chapter_len
    Length of chapter in same timebase of chapter_start.

type
    for example: "UTF8" -> string or "JPEG" -> JPEG image
    "v" -> unsigned integer
    "s" -> signed integer
    "r" -> rational
    Note: nonstandard fields should be prefixed by "X-"
    Note: MUST be less than 6 byte long (might be increased to 64 later)

info packet types
    the name of the info entry, valid names are
    "Author"
    "Description"
    "Copyright"
    "Encoder"
        the name & version of the software used for encoding
    "Title"
    "Cover" (allowed types are "PNG" and "JPEG")
        image of the (CD, DVD, VHS, ..) cover (preferably PNG or JPEG)
    "Source"
        "DVD", "VCD", "CD", "MD", "FM radio", "VHS", "TV", "LD"
        Optional: appended PAL, NTSC, SECAM, ... in parentheses
    "CaptureDevice"
        "BT878", "BT848", "webcam", ... (more exact names are fine too)
    "CreationTime"
        "2003-01-20 20:13:15Z", ...
        (ISO 8601 format, see http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html)
        Note: do not forget the timezone
    "Keywords"
    "Language"
        ISO 639 and ISO 3166 for language/country code
        something like "eng" (US english), can be 0 if unknown
        and "multi" if several languages
        see http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
        and http://www.din.de/gremien/nas/nabd/iso3166ma/codlstp1/en_listp1.html
        the language code
    "Disposition"
        "original", "dub" (translated), "comment", "lyrics", "karaoke"
        Note: if someone needs some others, please tell us about them, so we
              can add them to the official standard (if they are sane)
        Note: nonstandard fields should be prefixed by "X-"
        Note: names of fields SHOULD be in English if a word with the same
              meaning exists in English
        Note: MUST be less than 64 bytes long

value
    value of this name/type pair

stuffing
    0x80 can be placed in front of any type v entry for stuffing purposes



Structure:
----------

the headers MUST be in exactly the following order (to simplify demuxer design)
main header
stream_header (id=0)
stream_header (id=1)
...
stream_header (id=n)

headers may be repeated, but if they are, then they MUST all be repeated
together and repeated headers MUST be identical

Each set of repeated headers not at the beginning or end of the file SHOULD
be stored at the earliest possible position after 2^x where x is
an integer and the file end, so the headers may be repeated at 4102 if that is
the closest position after 2^12=4096 at which the headers can be placed

Note: this allows an implementation reading the file to locate backup
headers in O(log filesize) time as opposed to O(filesize)

headers MUST be placed at least at the start of the file and immediately before
the index or at the file end if there is no index
headers MUST be repeated at least twice (so they exist three times in a file)

there MUST be a sync point immediately before the first frame after any headers


Index:
------

Note: with realtime streaming, there is no end, so no index there either
Index MAY only be repeated after main headers.


Info:
-----

All info packets with the same chapter_id and stream_id are repeated info
packets and MUST be binary identical.

All info packets MUST appear after main headers at begginning of file, and
SHOULD be repeated after all main headers unless they are very large.

Info frames can be used to describe the file or some part of it (chapters)

Info SHOULD be stored in global packets instead of info streams/frames if
possible, and the amount of data is not large.

If 2 info frames have the same chapter_id and stream_id then the earlier
MUST be ignored (the last info frame is the most correct, this allows
updating or correcting info)

Info frames MUST be keyframes

demuxer (non-normative):
------------------------

in the absence of a valid header at the beginning, players SHOULD search for
backup headers starting at offset 2^x; for each x players SHOULD end their
search at a particular offset when any startcode is found (including syncpoint)



Semantic requirements:
======================

If more than one stream of a given stream class is present, each one SHOULD
have info tags specifying disposition, and if applicable, language.
It often highly improves usability and is therefore strongly encouraged.

A demuxer MUST NOT demux a stream which contains more than one stream, or which
is wrapped in a structure to facilitate more than one stream or otherwise
duplicate the role of a container. any such file is to be considered invalid.



Sample code (Public Domain, & untested):
========================================

typedef BufferContext{
    uint8_t *buf;
    uint8_t *buf_ptr;
}BufferContext;

static inline uint64_t get_bytes(BufferContext *bc, int count){
    uint64_t val=0;

    assert(count>0 && count<9);

    for(i=0; i<count; i++){
        val <<=8;
        val += *(bc->buf_ptr++);
    }

    return val;
}

static inline void put_bytes(BufferContext *bc, int count, uint64_t val){
    uint64_t val=0;

    assert(count>0 && count<9);

    for(i=count-1; i>=0; i--){
        *(bc->buf_ptr++)= val >> (8*i);
    }

    return val;
}

static inline uint64_t get_v(BufferContext *bc){
    uint64_t val= 0;

    for(; space_left(bc) > 0; ){
        int tmp= *(bc->buf_ptr++);
        if(tmp&0x80)
            val= (val<<7) + tmp - 0x80;
        else
            return (val<<7) + tmp;
    }

    return -1;
}

static inline int put_v(BufferContext *bc, uint64_t val){
    int i;

    if(space_left(bc) < 9) return -1;

    val &= 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL; // FIXME can only encode upto 63 bits currently
    for(i=7; ; i+=7){
        if(val>>i == 0) break;
    }

    for(i-=7; i>0; i-=7){
        *(bc->buf_ptr++)= 0x80 | (val>>i);
    }
    *(bc->buf_ptr++)= val&0x7F;

    return 0;
}

static int64_t get_dts(int64_t pts, int64_t *pts_cache, int delay, int reset){
    if(reset) memset(pts_cache, -1, delay*sizeof(int64_t));

    while(delay--){
        int64_t t= pts_cache[delay];
        if(t < pts){
            pts_cache[delay]= pts;
            pts= t;
        }
    }

    return pts;
}



Authors:
========

Folks from the MPlayer developers mailing list (http://www.mplayerhq.hu/).
Authors in alphabetical order: (FIXME! Tell us if we left you out)
    Beregszaszi, Alex        ([e-mail])
    Bunkus, Moritz           ([e-mail])
    Diedrich, Tobias         ([e-mail])
    Felker, Rich             ([e-mail])
    Franz, Fabian            ([e-mail])
    Gereoffy, Arpad          ([e-mail])
    Hess, Andreas            ([e-mail])
    Niedermayer, Michael     ([e-mail])
    Shimon, Oded             ([e-mail])