annotate DOCS/it/encoding.html @ 17627:24238abbd150

Import common.mak v1.1 from ffmpeg cvs, now it's needed by the building system
author rtognimp
date Tue, 14 Feb 2006 21:42:49 +0000
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1 <HTML>
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2 <!-- Synced with english version 1.87 -->
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3
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4 <HEAD>
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5 <TITLE>Codificare - MEncoder - Movie Encoder per Linux</TITLE>
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6 <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../default.css">
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7 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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8 </HEAD>
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9
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10 <BODY>
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11
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12
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13 <H1><A NAME="encoding">7. Codificare con MEncoder</A></H1>
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14
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15 <P>Per la lista completa delle opzioni disponibili per MEncoder e gli esempi, vedi
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16 la pagina di man. Per una serie di esempi pratici ed una guida dettagliata
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17 sull'uso dei parametri di codifica, leggi i
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18 <A HREF="tech/encoding-tips.txt">consigli per la codifica</A> raccolti da
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19 varie discussioni avvenute sulla mailing list
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20 <A HREF="http://mplayerhq.hu/mailman7listinfo/mplayer-users">mplayer-users</A>.
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21 Cerca negli <A HREF="http://mlayerhq.hu/mailman/mplayer-users">archivi</A>
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22 le discussioni sui dettagli ed i problemi relativi alla codifica con MEncoder.
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23 </P>
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24
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25 <H3><A NAME="2pass">7.1 Codificare in MPEG-4 ("DivX") in 2 o 3 passaggii</H3>
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26
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27 <P><U><B>codifica a 2 passaggi :</B></U> il nome deriva dal fatto che questo metodo codifica il file <I>due volte</I>.
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28 La prima codifica (<I>passaggio</I> doppiato) crea dei file temporanei (*.log) con una grandezza
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29 di pochi megabyte, non cancellarli ancora (puoi cancellare l' AVI). Nel secondo passaggio, viene creato il
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30 file di output, usando i dati sul bitrate dei file temporanei. Il file risultante avrà una
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31 migliore qualità d'immagine. Se questa è la prima volta che ne senti parlare,
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32 dovresti consultare alcune guide disponibili in rete.</P>
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33
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34 <P>Questo esempio mostra come codificare un DVD in un AVI MPEG-4 ("DivX") a 2
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35 passaggi. Bisogna dare solo due comandi :<BR>
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36
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37 <CODE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rm frameno.avi</CODE> - rimuovi questo file che può essere rimasto
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38 da una precedente codifica a 3 passaggi (interferisce col processo attuale)<BR>
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39 <CODE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts
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40 vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -oac copy -o movie.avi<BR>
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41 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc -lavcopts
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42 vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2 -oac copy -o movie.avi</CODE></P>
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43
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44 <P><U><B>codifica a 3 passaggi :</B></U> questa è un' estensione della codifica a 2 passaggi,
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45 dove la codifica audio avviene in un passaggio separato. Questo metodo abilita la
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46 stima del bitrate video raccomandato per far stare il file risultante in un CD. In più,
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47 l'audio è codificato solo una volta, diversamente dalla modalità in 2 passaggi. Schema :</P>
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48
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49 <OL>
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50 <LI>Rimuovi il file temporaneo che va in conflitto:
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51 <P><CODE>rm frameno.avi</CODE></P></LI>
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52 <LI>Primo passaggio:
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53 <P><CODE>mencoder &lt;file/DVD&gt; -ovc frameno -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3 -o frameno.avi</CODE></P>
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54 <P>Sarà creato un file avi di solo audio, contenente SOLO
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55 il flusso audio richiesto. Non dimenticare <CODE>-lameopts</CODE>, se ne
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56 hai bisogno. Se stai codificando un filmato lungo, MEncoder da
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57 i valori di bitrate consigliati per dimensioni di destinazione di 650Mb, 700Mb, e 800Mb,
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58 dopo la fine di questo passaggio.</P></LI>
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59 <LI>Secondo passaggio:
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60 <P><CODE>mencoder &lt;file/DVD&gt; -oac copy
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61 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1:vbitrate=&lt;bitrate&gt;</CODE></P>
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62 <P>Questo è il primo passaggio della codifica video.
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63 Puoi specificare il bitrate video dato da MEncoder alla fine del precedente
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64 passaggio.</P></LI>
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65 <LI>Terzo passaggio:
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66 <P><CODE>mencoder &lt;file/DVD&gt; -oac copy
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67 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2:vbitrate=&lt;bitrate&gt;</CODE></P>
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68 <P>Questo è il secondo passaggio della codifica video.
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69 Specifica lo stesso bitrate del passo precedente a meno che tu sappia
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70 veramente cosa stai facendo. In questo passaggio, l'audio preso da
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71 <CODE>frameno.avi</CODE> sarà inserito
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72 nel file di destinazione.. ed è tutto pronto!</P></LI>
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73 </OL>
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74
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75 <P><B>Esempio di codifica a 3 passaggi :</B></P>
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76
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77 <P><CODE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rm frameno.avi</CODE> - rimuovi questo file,
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78 che può essere rimasto da una precedente codifica a 3 passaggi (interferisce con quella attuale)<BR>
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79
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80 <CODE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder dvd://2 -ovc frameno
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81 -o frameno.avi -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3<BR>
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82 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc
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83 -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=1 -oac copy -o movie.avi<BR>
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84 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder dvd://2 -ovc lavc
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85 -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vpass=2 -oac copy -o movie.avi</CODE></P>
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86
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87 <H2><A NAME="rescaling">7.2 Codificare in formato MPEG</A></H2>
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88
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89 <P>MEncoder può creare file in formato MPEG (MPEG-PS). Ciò è probabilmente utile
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90 solo con il codec <I>mpeg1video<I> di libavcodec, poiché i programmi - tranne
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91 MPlayer - si aspettano solo video MPEG1 ed audio MPEG1 layer 2 (MP2) nei file
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92 MPEG.</P>
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93
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94 <P>Questa funzione non è molto utile al momento, oltre ad avere probabilmente
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95 molti bug, soprattutto perchè al momento MEncoder non può codificare l'audio
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96 MPEG1 layer 2 (MP2), che tutti gli altri player si aspetano di trovare nei
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97 file MPEG.</P>
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98
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99 <P>Per modificare il formato d'uscita di MEncoder, usare l'opzione
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100 <CODE>-of mpeg</CODE>.</P>
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101
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102 <P>Esempio:<BR>
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103 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -of mpeg -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg1video
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104 -oac copy &lt;other options&gt; media.avi -o output.mpg</CODE></P>
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105
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106
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107 <H2><A NAME="rescaling">7.3 Ridimensionare i filmati</A></H2>
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108
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109 <P>Spesso emerge l'esigenza di ridimensionare le immagini del filmato. Le ragioni possono
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110 essere molte: diminuire la dimensione del file, la larghezza di banda della rete, ecc. Molte persone
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111 usano il ridimensionamento anche quando convertono DVD o SVCD in AVI DivX. <B>Questo è male.</B>
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112 Invece di fare così, leggete la sezione <A HREF="#aspect">Conservare
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113 le proporzioni</A>.</P>
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114
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115 <P>Il processo di ridimensionamento è gestito dal filtro video <I>'scale'</I>:
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116 <CODE>-vf scale=larghezza:altezza</CODE>. La qualità può essere impostata tramite l'opzione
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117 <CODE>-sws</CODE>. Se non specificata, <B>MEncoder</B> userà il valore 0 :
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118 bilineare veloce.</P>
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119
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120 <H5>Utilizzo :</H5>
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121
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122 <P><CODE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder input.mpg -ovc lavc -lavcopts
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123 vcodec=mpeg4 -vf scale=640:480 -oac copy -o
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124 output.avi</CODE></P>
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125
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126
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127 <H2><A NAME="copying">7.4 Copia da stream</A></H2>
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128
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129 <P><B>MEncoder</B> può gestire i flussi in entrata in due modi : <B>codificandoli</B> o
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130 <B>copiandoli</B>. Questa sezione tratta la <B>copia</B>.</P>
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131
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132 <P>
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133 <UL>
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134 <LI><B>Flusso video</B> (opzione <CODE>-ovc copy</CODE>) : si possono fare tante belle cose :)<BR>
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135 Come, mettere (non convertire!) video FLI o VIVO o MPEG1 in un file AVI !
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136 Naturalmente solo <B>MPlayer</B> può leggere tali file :) E probabilmente non ha
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137 alcuna utilità nella vita reale. Seriamente : la copia del flusso video può essere utile per esempio
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138 quando si vuole codificare solo il flusso audio (come, PCM non compresso
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139 in MP3).</LI>
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140
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141 <LI><B>Flusso audio</B> (opzione <CODE>-oac copy</CODE>) : semplice da capire.
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142 E' possibile prendere un file audio esterno (MP3, AC3, Vorbis) e mixarlo
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143 nel flusso di output. Usa l'opzione <CODE>-audiofile &lt;filename&gt;</CODE>
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144 per farlo.</LI>
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145 </UL>
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146 </P>
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147
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148
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149 <H2><A NAME="fixing">7.5 Correggere gli AVI con indice o intervallo malformati</A></H2>
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150
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151 <P>E' semplicissimo. Copiamo semplicemente i flussi audio e video, e
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152 <B>MEncoder</B> genera l'indice. Naturalmente questo non può correggere possibili bug
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153 nei flussi video e/o audio. Corregge anche i file mal intervallati,
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154 così non sarà più necessaria l'opzione <CODE>-ni</CODE> per leggerli.</P>
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155
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156 <P>Comando : <CODE>mencoder -idx input.avi -ovc copy -oac copy -o output.avi</CODE></P>
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157
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158
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159 <H3><A NAME="appending">7.5.1 Unire file AVI</A></H3>
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160
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161 <P>Un utile effetto collaterale della funzione di riparazione dei file AVI è la
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162 possibilità di usare MEncored per unire 2 (o più) file AVI:</P>
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163
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164 <P>Comando: <CODE>cat 1.avi 3.avi | mencoder -noidx -ovc copy -oac copy -o
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165 output.avi -</CODE></P>
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166
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167 <P><B>Nota:</B>MEncoder si aspetta che <CODE>1.avi</CODE> e <CODE>2.avi</CODE>
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168 utilizzino gli stessi codec, risoluzione, stream rate, ecc, ed almeno 1.avi
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169 non deve avere errori. Se necessario, puoi riparare i file prima di unirli,
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170 come descritto <A HREF="#fixing">sopra</A>.</P>
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171
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172
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173 <H2><A NAME="libavcodec">7.6 Codificare con le famiglia di codec libavcodec</A></H2>
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174
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175 <P><A HREF="codecs.html#libavcodec">Libavcodec</A> fornisce una semplice codifica in
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176 molti interessanti formati video e audio (al momento i suoi codec audio non sono
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177 supportati). Puoi codificare i seguenti codec :</P>
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178
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179 <P>
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180 <UL>
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181 <LI>mjpeg - Motion JPEG</LI>
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182 <LI>h263 - H263</LI>
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183 <LI>h263p - H263 Plus</LI>
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184 <LI>mpeg4 - ISO standard MPEG-4 (DivX 5, XviD compatibile)</LI>
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185 <LI>msmpeg4 - variant MPEG-4 pre-standard di MS, v3 (noto anche come DivX3)</LI>
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186 <LI>msmpeg4v2 - MPEG-4 pre-standard di MS, v2 (usati in vecchi file asf)</LI>
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187 <LI>wmv1 - Windows Media Video, versione 1 (noto anche come WMV7)</LI>
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188 <LI>rv10 - un vecchio codec RealVideo</LI>
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189 <LI>mpeg1video - video MPEG1 :)</LI>
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190 <LI>huffyuv - compressione lossless (senza perdita di qualità, ndt)</LI>
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191 </UL>
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192 </P>
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193
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194 <P>La prima colonna contiene i nomi dei codec che devono essere passati dopo l'opzione
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195 <CODE>vcodec</CODE>, come : <CODE>-lavcopts vcodec=msmpeg4</CODE></P>
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196
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197 <P>Un esempio, con la compressione MJPEG :<BR>
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198 <CODE>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;mencoder dvd://2 -o title2.avi -ovc lavc
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199 -lavcopts vcodec=mjpeg -oac copy</CODE></P>
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200
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201
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202 <H2><A NAME="image_files">7.7 Codificare da file di immagine multipli (JPEG, PNG o TGA)</A></H2>
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203
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204 <P><B>MEncoder</B> è in grado di creare filmati a partire da uno o più file JPEG, PNG o TGA.
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205 Con un semplice framecopy può creare file MJPEG (Motion JPEG) o MPNG
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206 (Motion PNG).</P>
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207
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208 <P><B><I>Spiegazione del processo</I></B></P>
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209
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210 <P><B>MEncoder</B> <I>decodifica</I> le immagini in input con un codec video MJPEG
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211 disponibile (per i PNG, usa <B>libpng</B>).
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212 </P>
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213
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214 <P><B>MEncoder</B> quindi passa l' immagine decodificata al compressore video scelto
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215 (DivX4, Xvid, ffmpeg msmpeg4, ecc...).</P>
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216
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217 <P><B><I>Esempi</I></B></P>
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218
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219 <P>La spiegazione dell'opzione <CODE>-mf</CODE> si trova nella pagina di man.</P>
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220
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221 <P><I>Creare un file DivX4 da tutti i file JPEG presenti nella directory attuale :</I><BR>
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222 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25 -ovc divx4
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223 -o output.avi \*.jpg</CODE></P>
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224
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225 <P><I>Creare un file DivX4 da alcuni dei file JPEG presenti nella directory attuale :</I><BR>
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226 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25
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227 -ovc divx4 -o output.avi frame001.jpg,frame002.jpg</CODE></P>
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228
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229 <P><I>Creare un file Motion JPEG (MJPEG) da tutti i file JPEG presenti nella directory attuale :</I><BR>
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230 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25 -ovc copy
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231 -o output.avi \*.jpg</CODE></P>
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232
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233 <P><I>Creare un file non compresso da tutti i file PNG presenti nella directory attuale :</I><BR>
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234 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc rawrgb
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235 -o output.avi \*.png</CODE></P>
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236
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237 <P><B>Nota:</B> La larghezza deve essere un multiplo intero di 4, è una
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238 limitazione del formato RAW RGB dei file AVI.</P>
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239
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240 <P><I>Creare un file Motion PNG (MPNG) da tutti i file PNG presenti nella directory attuale :</I><BR>
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241 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=png -ovc copy
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242 -o output.avi \*.png</CODE></P>
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243
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244 <P><I>Creare un file Motion TGA (MTGA) da tutti i file TGA presenti nella directory attuale:</I><BR>
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245 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder -mf on:w=800:h=600:fps=25:type=tga -ovc copy
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246 -o output.avi \*.tga</CODE></P>
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247
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248 <H2><A NAME="vobsub">7.8 Estrarre i sottotitoli dei DVD in un file Vobsub</A></H2>
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249
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250 <P><B>MEncoder</B> è in grado di estrarre i sottotitoli dei DVD e codificarli nel formato file Vobsub.
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251 Questi consistono in un paio di file con estensione .idx e .sub e sono generalmente impacchettati in un unico archivio .rar. MPlayer può leggerli usando le opzioni <I>-vobsub</I> e <I>-vobsubid</I>.</P>
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252
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253 <P>Devi specificare il nome di base (cioè senza le estensioni .idx o .sub) dei file di output con
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254 <I>-vobsubout</I> e l'indice per questo sottotitolo nei file risultanti con <I>-vobsuboutindex</I>.</P>
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255
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256 <P>Se l'input non viene da un DVD dovresti usare <I>-ifo</I> per indicare il file .ifo necessario per
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257 costruire il file .idx risultante.</P>
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258
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259 <P>Se l'input non viene da un DVD e non hai il file .ifo devi usare l'opzione <I>-vobsubid</I> per fargli
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260 sapere quale identificativo di lingua mettere nel file .idx.</P>
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261
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262 <P>Ogni esecuzione aggiungerà l'attuale sottotitolo ai file .idx e .sub se questi esistono già.
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263 Quindi dovresti rimuoverli prima di ogni nuova esecuzione.</P>
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264
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265 <P><B>Esempi</B></P>
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266
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267 <P><I>Copiare due sottotitoli da un DVD usando la codifica a tre passaggi</I><BR>
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268 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>rm sottotitoli.idx sottotitoli.sub</CODE><BR>
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269 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder dvd://1 -vobsubout sottotitoli -vobsuboutindex 0
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270 -sid 2 -o frameno.avi -ovc frameno -oac mp3lame -lameopts vbr=3</CODE><BR>
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271 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder dvd://1 -oac copy -ovc divx4 -divx4opts pass=1</CODE><BR>
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272 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder dvd://1 -oac copy -ovc divx4 -divx4opts pass=2 -vobsubout
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273 subtitles -vobsuboutindex 1 -sid 5</CODE></P>
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274
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275 <P><I>Copiare un sottotitolo francese da un file MPEG</I><BR>
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276 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>rm sottotitoli.idx sottotitoli.sub</CODE><BR>
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277 &nbsp;&nbsp;<CODE>mencoder movie.mpg -ifo movie.ifo -vobsubout subtitles -vobsuboutindex 0 -vobsuboutid fr -sid 1</CODE></P>
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278
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279 <H2><A NAME="aspect">7.9 Conservare le proporzioni</A></H2>
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280
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281 <P>I file dei DVD e dei SVCD (cioè MPEG1/2) contengono un valore di proporzione,
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282 che descrive come il lettore dovrebbe ridimensionare il flusso video, così che
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283 le persone non abbiano teste a uovo (es.: 480x480 + 4:3 = 640x480). Comunque quando
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284 si codificano file AVI (DivX), bisogna considerare che le intestazioni degli AVI non salvano
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285 questo valore. Ridimensionare il filmato è disgustoso e spreca tempo, deve esserci
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286 un modo migliore!</P>
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287
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288 <P>C'è.</P>
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289
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290 <P>L'MPEG4 ha una caratteristica unica: il flusso video può contenere
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291 le proporzioni che gli servono. Si, proprio come i file MPEG1/2 (DVD, SVCD).
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292 Purtroppo, <U>non<U> ci sono lettori video la fuori che supportino questa
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293 possibilità. Eccetto MPlayer.</P>
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294
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295 <P>Si può usare questa caratteristica solo con il codec <CODE>mpeg4</CODE> di <B>libavcodec</B>.
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296 Ricorda: anche se MPlayer riproducerà correttamente il file creato,
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297 gli altri lettori useranno le proporzioni sbagliate.</P>
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298
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299 <P>Dovresti considerare seriamente la possibilità di tagliare le bande nere sopra e sotto al filmato.
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300 Vedi la pagina di man per l'utilizzo dei filtri <CODE>cropdetect</CODE> e
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301 <CODE>crop</CODE>.</P>
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302
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303 <H4>Utilizzo:</H4>
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304
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305 <P><CODE>$ mencoder sample-svcd.mpg -ovc lavc -lavcopts
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306 vcodec=mpeg4:aspect=16.0/9.0 -vf crop=714:548:0:14 -oac copy -o output.avi</CODE></P>
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307
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308 </BODY>
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309 </HTML>